<b>HRAC Group 5</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy C1 C2) </font> resistant Brachypodium distachyon from Israel

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 5 (LEGACY C1 C2) RESISTANT ANNUAL FALSEBROME
(Brachypodium distachyon)

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Israel

INTRODUCTION		ANNUAL FALSEBROME
Annual Falsebrome (Brachypodium distachyon) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In Israel this weed first evolved resistance to Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides in 1975 and infests Forests, and Roadsides. Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides are known as PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (Inhbition of Photosynthesis at PSll - Serine 264 Binders ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to atrazine, and simazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Apr 19, 2015 )
Common Name	Annual Falsebrome
Species	Brachypodium distachyon
Group	PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Herbicides	atrazine, and simazine
Location	Israel
Year	1975
Situation(s)	Forests, and Roadsides
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Maor Matzrafi, Zvi Peleg, and Baruch Rubin
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Baruch Rubin

Central part of Israel

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Annual Falsebrome biotype with this Annual Falsebrome biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 5 resistant Annual Falsebrome have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Annual Falsebrome from Israel please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

MAOR MATZRAFI

Postdoctral Researcher University of California Department of Plant Sciences MS 4 Davis, 95616 Israel Email Maor Matzrafi

ZVI PELEG

Dr. Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment P.O.Box 12 Rehovot, 76100 Israel Email Zvi Peleg Web : Web Site Link

BARUCH RUBIN

Professor Hebrew University Of Jerusalem Inst. Plant Sci. & Genetics In Agriculture Faculty Of Agric. Food & Environm. Rehovot, 76100, Israel Israel Email Baruch Rubin Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Israel have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Maor Matzrafi, Zvi Peleg, and Baruch Rubin for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Annual Falsebrome Globally
(Brachypodium distachyon)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Israel

1975

Forests, and Roadsides

atrazine, and simazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Israel

2014

Roadsides

diclofop-methyl, and pinoxaden

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Gressel, J. ; Kleifeld, Y.. 1994. Can wild species become problem weeds because of herbicide resistance? Brachypodium distachyon: a case study. Crop Protection 13 : 563 - 566.

A purported drawback to the use of transgenic herbicide-resistant crops is the fear that the crop or interbreeding wild relatives will become weedy. It has been posited that a change even in a single trait can confer weediness. This hypothesis was tested with Brachypodium distachyon. This innocuous species came into contact with herbicide through the use of crushed rock from its habitat for road foundations. It evolved s-triazine resistance and developed as a monoculture. When true weeds later developed simazine resistance, B. distachyon was partially competed from the ecosystem and then disappeared upon the use of non-triazine herbicides. Thus, this wild species remained a weed only until true weeds evolved resistance or until other herbicides were used. One gene mutation did not convert it into a weed, which implies that this will be equally improbable in other cases, when the gene codes for an otherwise neutral trait such as herbicide resistance..

Nir, A. And A. Raz.. 1985. Herbicide rotation at roadsides as a means of preventing triazine resistance in annual weeds. Phytoparasitica 13 : 248 - 249.

0.375, 0.500 and 0.625 kg imazapyr/ha and combinations of 5.0 kg atrazine + 1.9 kg amitrole or 8.0 kg diuron + 1.9 kg amitrole/ha were evaluated for roadside control of Cruciferae, Umbelliferae, Compositae, Papilionaceae [Leguminosae] and grasses (mostly Brachypodium distachyon and Lophochloa phleoides). Treatments were applied post-em. to weeds 40-50 cm tall. Imazapyr acted very slowly with the first symptoms visible only 4 weeks after application and complete control evident 4 months later. The highest application rate achieved complete control of all annual weeds and inhibition of growth of the perennial Andropogon distachyos. Atrazine + amitrole and diuron + amitrole provided good control of annual weeds. In further trials on a roadside verge in the Ayalon Valley 0.375, 0.500 and 0.625 kg imazapyr, 4.0 kg diuron + 2.5 kg atrazine and 3.2 kg diuron + 0.8 kg bromacil/ha were applied post-em. to weeds 15-40 cm tall. 6 months after application 0.625 kg imazapyr provided excellent weed control, compared with 90% control by the herbicide combinations.

Gressel, J. ; Malkin, S. ; Regev, Y. ; Kleifeld, Y.. 1983. A biotype of Brachypodium distachyon with increased tolerance and plastid resistance to s-triazines. : 76 - 77.

In greenhouse trials a triazine-resistant biotype of B. distachyon was not affected by 3 kg of soil-incorporated atrazine or simazine/ha whereas the wild biotype was killed. The mode of resistance was studied using the triazine sensitive wild biotype growing in nearby fields as a control. The plastids of the resistant biotype were unaffected by atrazine as ascertained by whole leaf fluorescence, plastid fluorescence and ferricyanide 'right arrow' ferrocyanide measurement of the Hill reaction. The resistant biotype was inhibited by diuron suggesting that the typical plastid mode of resistance, found in many weeds, occurs here as well. The resistant biotype metabolized 14C-(ring)-atrazine more rapidly to both water-soluble and to chloroform-soluble products than the wild biotype but that could not account for the immediate resistance at the plastid level. Simazine treatments of roadsides simultaneously selected for increased tolerance (via detoxification) as well as for plastid level resistance..

Gressel, J. ; Regev, Y. ; Malkin, S. ; Kleifeld, Y.. 1983. Characterization of an s-triazine-resistant biotype of Brachypodium distachyon.. Weed Science 31 : 450 - 456.

A triazine-resistant (R) biotype of B. distachyon (=Trachynia distachya) was found in the lower Galilee area of Israel after repeated treatments of roadsides with simazine + atrazine. It was not affected at levels up to 3.0 kg of soil-incorporated atrazine or simazine/ha. Measurements of whole-leaf and plastid fluorescences and the Hill reaction indicated that the R biotype was unaffected by atrazine. The triazine-sensitive (S) biotype was inhibited in all these reactions. The R biotype metabolized ¹⁴-C-labelled atrazine more rapidly to both water-soluble and chloroform-soluble compounds than the S biotype did, but that could not explain the immediate resistance at the plastid level..

Regev, Y. ; Kleifeld, Y.. 1982. A triazine-resistant weed -- is it a sign of a new problem?. Hassadeh 62 : 2284 - 2286.

Herbicide application to side roads in lower Galilee and the Yizre'el and Bet She'an Valleys was not always effective in controlling weeds. Brachypodium distachyon became the dominant weed at treated sites. Plants collected from a site regularly sprayed with triazine herbicides were very resistant to triazines whereas plants from untreated areas were susceptible..

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