<b>HRAC Group 4</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy O) </font> resistant Centaurea cyanus from Poland

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 4 (LEGACY O) RESISTANT CORNFLOWER
(Centaurea cyanus)

Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Poland, North Eastern Region

INTRODUCTION		CORNFLOWER
Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) is a dicot weed in the Asteraceae family. In Poland this weed first evolved resistance to Group 4 (Legacy O) herbicides in 2012 and infests Winter wheat. Group 4 (Legacy O) herbicides are known as Auxin Mimics (Auxin Mimics ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to dicamba and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 4 (Legacy O) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Dec 09, 2013 )
Common Name	Cornflower
Species	Centaurea cyanus
Group	Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)
Herbicides	dicamba
Location	Poland, North Eastern Region
Year	2012
Situation(s)	Winter wheat
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Kazimierz Adamczewski
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Kazimierz Adamczewski

General information for Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)

In the years 2010-2012 samples from 6 field were collected, the seeds were collected from the field were farmer got poor control of Cornflower. At those field farmers for Cornflower control during many years used herbicides synthetic auxins types. Susceptible biotype was used as standard Two four replication greenhouse experiments was done.

At first experiment in one dose of three herbicides: dicamba, dichlorprop, and MCPA + MCPP were used.

At second experiment dicamba in 7 deference dose were used, (low and high dose). For each treatment four pot were used as four replication. And 4 weeks after treatment, the plants were cut at the soil surface and their fresh weight was determined. Statistical analysis of date from greenhouse experiments was performed. One biotyp from 6 collected samples was resistant on dicamba.

One year field trial with dicamba used with 2 doses was determinate.

Mechanism of Resistance. Mechanism of resistance is unknown.

Genetic. The genetic basis of resistance for these biotypes is unknown.

Relative Fitness. There is no done.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Cornflower biotype with this Cornflower biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 4 resistant Cornflower have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 4 (Legacy O) resistant Cornflower from Poland please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

KAZIMIERZ ADAMCZEWSKI

Professor Institute Of Plant Protection - National Research Institute Depart. Of Weed Science Str. Wladyslawa Wegorka 20 Poznań, 60-318, Poznań Poland Email Kazimierz Adamczewski

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Poland have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Kazimierz Adamczewski for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Cornflower Globally
(Centaurea cyanus)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Poland

2010

Winter wheat

chlorsulfuron, imazapyr, sulfometuron-methyl, and tribenuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Poland

2012

Winter wheat

dicamba

Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Specific Papers about this Case

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Rola, H. ; Kucharski, M. ; Marczewska, K.. 2004. Problems with control of weeds resistant to herbicides in maize, wheat and sugarbeet. Ochrona Roślin 49 : 29 - 32.

Information is included on occurrence of weeds resistant to various herbicides such as atrazine (as Gesaprim SC), chloridazon (as Pyramin 65 WP), lenacil (as Venzar) and metamitron (as Goltix 70 WG) in various crops in Poland. Recommendations are provided on measures preventing built up of herbicide resistance of weeds in maize, sugarbeet and winter wheat including replacement of triazine herbicides with sulfonylureas (e.g. Titus 25 WG and Milagro 040 SC) and mixtures of herbicides. Data are tabulated on effectiveness of use of herbicides for control of weeds resistant to triazine in maize during 2001-03. Data are presented on effectiveness of herbicides for control of weeds resistant to lenacil, chloridazon and metamitron in sugarbeet during 1999-2003. Data are tabulated on effectiveness of herbicides for control of wind bentgrass [Apera spica-venti] and garden cornflower [Centaurea cyanus] resistant to chlorsulfuron (as Glean 75 WG) in winter wheat..

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Literature about Similar Cases

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Adamczewski, K. ; Kierzek, R.. 2010. Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.) cross resistant on ALS inhibitors. Progress in Plant Protection 50 : 285 - 290.

The intensive use of acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors for crop protection caused in many cases weed resistance to these herbicides. Resistant to sulfonylureas biotypes of cornflower appeared in Poland. During 2006-2009 seeds of cornflower were collected from 15 field were farmers informed that after using herbicides the control of this weed was very poor. These collected seeds were used at greenhouse experiments. Collected biotypes were compared with susceptible biotype from Experimental Station Strzeszyn near Poznan´. Obtained data from the experiments indicated that two tested biotypes of C. cyanus were cross-resistant with two ALS inhibiting herbicides tribenuron methyl and chlorsulfuron. The calculation for dose-response curve and resistance index ED50 indicated that the level of resistance of these biotypes was high..

Marczewska, K. ; Rola, H. ; Sadowski, J.. 2007. Free amino acids as an index of weeds resistance to chlorsulfuron. Progress in Plant Protection 47 : 199 - 205.

One of the negative aspects of the intensive use of herbicides is related to the selection of resistant weed biotypes. Of all biotypes resistant to herbicides, 95 species do not respond to sulfonylurea herbicides (acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides). The ALS enzyme is the first step in the biosynthesis of a branch chain amino acids (valine, leucine and isoleucine). In Poland, the problem of resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides has been discussed since 2001. Resistance tests of Apera spica-venti and Centaurea cyanus biotypes were conducted in greenhouse conditions. For confirmation of resistance to chlorsulfuron as identified in biological tests, chemical analyses were performed, investigating the influence of different doses of chlorsulfuron on free amino acids content in the aboveground part of susceptible and resistant A. spica-veni and C. cyanus. The analyses were carried out applying the liquid chromatographic method. In the resistant biotypes, increases of valine, leucine plus isoleucine concentrations were observed in comparison with the untreated plants and with those susceptible to chorsulfuron..

Tomczak, B.. 2007. Cornflower - biology, occurrence and control. Ochrona Roślin 52 : 27 - 29.

The cornflower, Centaurea cyanus, is a very common and highly competitive weed of cultivated fields in Poland. This paper gives details of its morphology, occurrence and control. A lengthy list of herbicides for use against cornflower in various crops is provided. Other control measures suggested include mechanical methods and well-planned rotations. It is noted that a biotype resistant to the herbicide chlorsulfuron has been identified in Lower Silesia..

Marczewska, K. ; Rola, H.. 2006. Identification of chlorsulfuron-resistant Apera spica-venti and Centaurea cyanus biotypes and chemical methods of their control in winter wheat. Progress in Plant Protection 46 : 215 - 222.

In Poland, the first reported case of A. spica-venti and C. cyanus species resistant to chlorsulfuron (acetolactae synthase inhibitor) was recorded in 2001 on wheat plantation. Resistance tests of A. spica-venti and C. cyanus biotypes were conducted in a greenhouse by biological tests. Chlorsulfuron was applied at four-leaf stage of development at rates ranging from 11.26 to 360 g/ha. Bioassays showed that the tested biotypes of A. spica-venti and C. cyanus were resistant to chlorsulfuron. The aim of the microplot experiments was to control A. spica-venti and C. cyanus by the herbicides which do not belong to the sulfonylurea group. Izoproturon (1500 g/ha), chlorotoluron (1600 g/ha), tralkoxydim (300 g/ha) and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl [fenoxaprop-P] (82.8 g/ha) were effective in controlling A. spica-venti, whereas 2,4-D (430 g/ha), MCPA (400 g/ha), clopyralid (120 g/ha), izoproturon (750 g/ha) and chlorotoluron (1600 g/ha) were effective in controlling C. cyanus..

Marczewska, K. ; Rola, H.. 2005. Biotypes of Apera spica-venti and Centaurea cyanus resistant to chlorsulfuron in Poland. : .

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