<b>HRAC Group 5</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy C1 C2) </font> resistant Polygonum aviculare from Netherlands

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 5 (LEGACY C1 C2) RESISTANT PROSTRATE KNOTWEED
(Polygonum aviculare)

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Netherlands

INTRODUCTION		PROSTRATE KNOTWEED
Prostrate Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) is a dicot weed in the Polygonaceae family. In Netherlands this weed first evolved resistance to Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides in 1987 and infests Corn (maize), and Cropland. Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides are known as PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (Inhbition of Photosynthesis at PSll - Serine 264 Binders ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to atrazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Sep 15, 2000 )
Common Name	Prostrate Knotweed
Species	Polygonum aviculare
Group	PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Herbicides	atrazine
Location	Netherlands
Year	1987
Situation(s)	Corn (maize), and Cropland
Contributors - (Alphabetically)
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Homer LeBaron. 1991. Distribution and Seriousness of Herbicide-Resistant Weed Infestations Worldwide. In: Herbicide Resistance in Weeds and Crops. Oorschot, J. L. P. van//Straathof, H. J. M. 1989. On the occurrence and distribution of chlorplastic resistance of weeds to triazines in the Netherlands.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Prostrate Knotweed biotype with this Prostrate Knotweed biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 5 resistant Prostrate Knotweed have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Prostrate Knotweed from Netherlands please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Netherlands have been instrumental in providing you this information.

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Herbicide Resistant Prostrate Knotweed Globally
(Polygonum aviculare)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Belgium

1984

Apples

amitrole

Inhibition of Lycopene Cyclase ( HRAC Group 34 (Legacy F3)

Netherlands

1987

Corn (maize), and Cropland

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Räder, T. ; Schulte, M. ; Steinheuer, M. ; Stuke, F.. 2010. Actual occurrence of weed biotypes in maize - effective weed control demonstrated on 200 monitoring fields in Germany and Austria. Julius-Kühn-Archiv : .

During 2008 and 2009, a study was conducted in 200 locations in Germany and Austria to monitor the frequency of occurence of various weeds and weed species and to evaluate the efficiency of herbicide treatments. The 10 most common weeds observed include goosefoot (Syngonium podophyllum), chickweed, black bindweed (Polygonum convolvulus), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli), chamomile types, field pansy (Viola arvensis) and dead nettle (Lamium spp.). The sole use of terbuthylazine proved to be effective for the control of some weed species e.g. Matricaria spp., Polygonum spp., and Chenopodium spp. The genetic resistance of some weed species e.g. Chenopodium album, Chenopodium ficifolium, Matricaria chamomilla [Chamomilla recutita], Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum convolvulus, Solanum nigrum to herbicides were also studied..

Kucharski, M.. 2008. Populations of Polygonum spp. resistant to photosystem II inhibiting herbicides in South-Western Poland. Journal of Plant Protection Research 48 : 337 - 345.

The aim of conducted research was the identification of resistance and cross-resistance of Polygonum aviculare, P. convolvulus and P. persicaria to photosystem II inhibiting herbicides (atrazine, simazine, metribuzine, metamitron, linuron, lenacil, bentazone and chloridazone). The research was conducted as monitoring tests. During eight years (2000-2007) seeds of weeds were collected from 243 fields in South-Western Poland. Resistance of biotypes was diagnosed by biological tests (evaluation of phytotoxicity, measurement of fresh plant mass and calculating of resistance index) and fluorescence method. Identified biotypes showed, in most cases, high level of resistance (IR>6). Most of Polygonum biotypes were resistant to herbicides from triazine group (artazine, simazine, metribuzine and metamitron), lenacil and chloridazone. Resistant biotypes of Polygonum were identified on 15-20% of monitored fields. Participation of resistant biotypes, for all monitored fields, in Polygonum communities did not exceed 40%. On monitored fields also several cases of cross-resistance was determined. Polygonum biotypes were resistant to atrazine and other triazines (simazine, metribuzine and metamitron), atrazine-lenacil and lenacil-chloridazone..

Deveikyte, I. ; Auskalnis, A. ; Seibutis, V.. 2007. An application of the herbicide mixtures in sugar beet and spring barley plants as a protective element preventing appearance of weed resistance. Progress in Plant Protection 47 : 350 - 357.

Until recently, 261 biotypes belonging to 157 species (95 dicots and 62 monocots) and showing resistance to various herbicides are known. Herbicide resistance is known in all areas where herbicides are used intensively. Resistance of weeds to herbicides have been identified in 21 European countries. In Lithuania, herbicide resistance has not been proved in weeds. In agriculture practice, the most efficient to herbicide methods limiting herbicide resistant weed occurrence are rational agrotechnique, crop and herbicide rotation and application of herbicide mixtures. In 2002-04, studies on annual weed sensitivity and tolerance to phenoxy-carboxylic acid, phenyl-carbamates, benzofuranes and triazinones compounds were performed. Phenmedipham, desmedipham, ethofumesate was more effective for controlling Chenopodium album, Lamium purpureum, Polygonum aviculare and Tripleurospermum perforatum [Matricaria perforata] by applying in mixture with metamitron than by applying in mixture with chloridazon and chloridazon+quinmerac. The most effective were the mixtures consisting of 5 and 6 different active ingredients, e.g. phenmedipham+desmedipham+ethofumesate+metamitron+chloridazon and phenmedipham+desmedipham+ethofumesate+metamitron+chloridazon+quinmerac. C. album and Thlaspi arvense were very sensitive to herbicides MCPA, mecoprop+MCPA+dichlorprop and 2.4-D amino acid. G. aparine and Tripleurospermum perforatum were tolerant to MCPA. 2.4-D amino acid was ineffective on number and mass of G. aparine and L. purpureum. Mecoprop+MCPA+dichlorprop-P mixture was the best for weed control in spring barley..

Bulcke, R.. 2005. Development of resistant weeds by repeated applications of herbicides in a maize monoculture. : .

In a long-term experiment, initiated in 1985 at Melle (Province of East-Flanders, Belgium) on a field with continuous maize, the yearly repeated application on the same plots of each one out of ten weed control systems [six since 1985 (five using herbicides and one with hoeing by hand) and another four with herbicides since 1988], caused a highly differential development of both the weed flora and crop yield over the 1985(-1988)-2003 period. Over the 1985-1990 period, application of atrazine pre- and postemergence respectively, soon favoured an explosive development of triazine-resistant biotypes of fat hen (Chenopodium album L.) and black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.). Further, this shift of the weed flora was accompanied by dramatic effects on the crop, leading to a total yield loss in the fifth experimental year. "Reconversion" of the atrazine postemergence treatment, consisting of lowering the rate and adding pendimethalin+pyridate, resulted in acceptable control of these resistant biotypes associated with normal yields over the 1992-2003 period. Although atrazine+bentazone+mineral oil postemergence was excellent against triazine-resistant fat-hen and black nightshade already emerged at the time of application, the non-residual component, bentazone, could not prevent later flushes of germination of these biotypes. Following this mixture, a triazine-resistant biotype of annual meadowgrass (Poa annua L.) could develop slowly from the early nineties onwards. Surprisingly, no triazine-resistant annual meadowgrass biotype could be detected on plots receiving applications of atrazine preemergence at a low rate (500 g/ha) followed by pyridate postemergence, during sixteen successive years. When applied over periods ranging from twelve to nineteen years, neither the foliar absorbed bentazone and pyridate, nor the soil acting aclonifen, metolachlor and pendimethalin did select for resistant biotypes in intrinsically sensitive species. Bentazone+mineral oil postemergence favoured two tolerant species, prostrate knotweed (Polygonum aviculare L.) and annual meadowgrass, although their densities and competitiveness varied significantly over years..

Montazeri, M. ; Zand, E. ; Poor-Azar, R. ; Barjasteh, A. R. ; Nooroz-Zadeh, S. ; Vaici, M.. 2005. An evaluation of the efficacy of four wheat selective herbicides in the control of annual dicotyledonous weeds. Iranian Journal of Weed Science 1 : 155 - 162.

The efficacy of 2,4-D, 2,4-D + MCPA, bromoxynil and tribenuron-methyl [tribenuron] (at 1.08, 0.56 + 0.47, 0.56 and 15.0 g/ha, respectively) for the control of 17 annual broadleaf weed species was evaluated during 2002 and 2003 in 5 Iranian provinces: Tehran, Khuzestan, Semnan, Kermanshah and Khorasan. The herbicides were applied when the target weeds were at the 2- to 4-leaf stage. Most of the weed species were significantly controlled by at least one of the herbicides. However, Rumex crispus, Rumex dentatus, Fumaria officinalis and Polygonum aviculare were relatively tolerant of all the herbicides. Among the weed species, Sinapis arvensis, Rapistrum rugosum and Beta maritima were controlled completely by all the herbicides. For the control of Centaurea depressa, Chenopodium album, Cephalaria syriaca, Carthamus oxyacantha and Sisymbrium officinale, 2,4-D and 2,4-D + MCPA were significantly more effective than tribenuron-methyl or bromoxynil. For the control of Goldbachia laevigata, bromoxynil was more effective than the other herbicides. Stellaria media was more sensitive to tribenuron-methyl than to the other herbicides..

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