<b>HRAC Group 5</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy C1 C2) </font> resistant Apera spica-venti from Switzerland

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 5 (LEGACY C1 C2) RESISTANT SILKY WINDGRASS
(Apera spica-venti)

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Switzerland

INTRODUCTION		SILKY WINDGRASS
Silky Windgrass (Apera spica-venti) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In Switzerland this weed first evolved resistance to Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides in 1994 and infests Wheat. Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides are known as PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (Inhbition of Photosynthesis at PSll - Serine 264 Binders ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to isoproturon and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Sep 15, 2000 )
Common Name	Silky Windgrass
Species	Apera spica-venti
Group	PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Herbicides	isoproturon
Location	Switzerland
Year	1994
Situation(s)	Wheat
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Jean Mayor
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Jean Mayor

The resistant biotype of this weed has been found in an old field trial (>20 years) on the ground of the Swiss Federal Agricultural Research Station of Changins.

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MECHANISM

Jean Mayor

Suspect enhanced degradation.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Silky Windgrass biotype with this Silky Windgrass biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 5 resistant Silky Windgrass have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Silky Windgrass from Switzerland please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

JEAN MAYOR

St. Federal De Recherches, Agronomy De Changins Service De Malherbologie Weed Mgmt Program Lead - Horticulture 120 Main St, PO Box 400 Nyon, CH-1260 Switzerland

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Switzerland have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Jean Mayor for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Silky Windgrass Globally
(Apera spica-venti)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Austria

2009

Cereals

iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and isoproturon

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Belgium

2019

Wheat

foramsulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and mesosulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Czech Republic

2005

Cereals, and Winter wheat

chlorsulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, isoproturon, mesosulfuron-methyl, pyroxsulam, and sulfosulfuron

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Denmark

2011

Winter wheat

iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and sulfosulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Denmark

2016

Wheat

fenoxaprop-ethyl, florasulam, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pinoxaden

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

France

2006

Wheat

iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pyroxsulam

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Germany

1997

Cereals, and Winter wheat

isoproturon

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Germany

2005

Wheat

chlorsulfuron, florasulam, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, pyroxsulam, sulfometuron-methyl, and sulfosulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Germany

2009

Spring Barley, and Winter wheat

fenoxaprop-ethyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, isoproturon, mesosulfuron-methyl, pinoxaden, pyroxsulam, and sulfosulfuron

Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Latvia

2015

Wheat, and Winter wheat

iodosulfuron-methyl-Na

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Lithuania

2013

Winter wheat

iodosulfuron-methyl-Na

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Poland

2005

Winter wheat

chlorsulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, procarbazone-Na, and sulfosulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Poland

2010

Winter wheat

fenoxaprop-ethyl, and pinoxaden

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

Poland

2011

Winter wheat

chlorsulfuron, fenoxaprop-ethyl, pinoxaden, sulfometuron-methyl, and sulfosulfuron

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Poland

2012

Winter wheat

isoproturon

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Sweden

2006

Winter wheat

isoproturon

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Sweden

2010

Winter wheat

iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, pyroxsulam, and sulfosulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Switzerland

1994

Wheat

isoproturon

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Katerina Hamouzová, Pavlíina Košnarová, Jaroslav Salava, Josef Soukup and Pavel Hamouza. 2013. Mechanisms of resistance to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides in populations ofApera spica-ventifrom the Czech Republic. Pest Management Science : .

BACKGROUND: This study investigates the mechanisms of resistance to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides in populations of Apera spica-venti (L.) P.B. from the Czech Republic.

RESULTS: The proportion of resistance due to mutant acetolactate synthase (ALS) alleles was estimated by genotyping individuals from each of three populations for the eight ALS mutations known to confer resistance. Four resistance-conferring ALS mutations were identified: Pro-197-Ala, Pro-197-Thr, Trp-574-Leu and previously unreported Trp-574-Met substitution. Two populations (R1, R3) have amino acid substitution at positions Pro-197 and Trp-574. Individuals from the R3 population had two different resistance alleles. In the R2 population, only the resistant Trp-574-Met substitution was detected. Ten other single point mutations were identified, but these were not related to resistance.

The cytochrome malathion decreased chlorsulfuron resistance in the resistant populations that were examined. Although malathion increased mortality, the GR50 values were too high to conclude that non-target-based mechanism was the main one for the resistance in Apera spica-venti populations tested in this study.
CONCLUSIONS: Individuals of Apera spica-venti populations tested in this study possess the target-site ALS resistance mutation and an additional so far unknown resistance mechanism(s)..

Wolber, D. ; Warnecke-Busch, G. ; Wagner, J.. 2012. Herbizidresistence at Alopecurus myosuroides und Apera spica-venti in Lower Saxony. Julius-Kühn-Archiv : 443 - 445.

Wagner, J. ; Wolber, D.. 2012. Occurence of herbicide resistance to ALS-inhibitors and of resistance alleles identified by pyrosequencing in Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. (blackgrass) und Apera spica-venti (L.) Beauv. (silky bent-grass) in agricultural areas from Lower Saxony. Julius-Kühn-Archiv : .

Rummland, J. ; Kerlen, D. ; Nordmeyer, H. ; Richter, O.. 2012. Modelling the development of herbicide resistance. Julius-Kühn-Archiv 1 : 149 - 154.

A population dynamic and genetic model was used to simulate the genetic evolution in an Apera spica-venti (L.) P. Beauv. population. The basis of the model is a life cycle of an annual weed population which is divided into five development stages. These are the seed bank, the seedlings, young plants, the seed producing plants and the produced seeds. The stages are linked through transition probabilities. The interaction between resistant and susceptible genotypes is mediated by a genetic submodel. The model supports the development of management strategies to prevent, reduce or at least retard the development of resistance. Through an embedment into a cellular automaton the dispersal of genetic information is simulated at field scale. Three simulations with different herbicide treatments are compared regarding the resistance evolution..

Petersen, J. ; Naruhn, G. ; Raffel, H.. 2012. Non target-site resistance inherent in Alopecurus myosuroides and Apera spica-venti - resistance pattern and factors. Julius-Kühn-Archiv 1 : 43 - 50.

Alopecurus myosuroides and Apera spica-venti are the most important grass weeds in German cereal cropping systems. Both species show increasing resistance problems with herbicide resistant biotypes in many regions. In many cases, non target-site resistance (TSR) mechanism can be detected. In these biotypes resistance is assumingly based on non target-site-mechanisms (NTSR) and an enhanced metabolism might be responsible in the first place. Resistance in A. spica-venti biotypes can also be found against pre-emergence herbicides like diflufenican and pendimethalin. However, untill now no resistance in A. spica-venti against the active ingredients flurtamone, flufenacet and prosulfocarb could be detected. A. myosuroides biotypes also frequently show NTSR mechanisms. Resistance patterns are variable and predictions about the efficacy of one herbicide cannot be made based on the knowledge of the effects of another ingredient even within the same mode of action group. The resistance patterns of different A. myosuroides biotypes and crosses indicate a complex, polygenetic control of NTSR mechanisms..

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