Multiple resistant Ranunculus acris from New Zealand

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

MULTIPLE RESISTANT TALL BUTTERCUP
(Ranunculus acris)

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

New Zealand

INTRODUCTION		TALL BUTTERCUP
Tall Buttercup (Ranunculus acris) is a dicot weed in the Ranunculaceae family. In New Zealand this weed first evolved multiple resistance (to 2 herbicide sites of action) in 2010 and infests Pastures. Multiple resistance has evolved to herbicides in the Groups 2 (Legacy B), and Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O). These particular biotypes are known to have resistance to flumetsulam, MCPA, and thifensulfuron-methyl and they may be cross-resistant to other herbicides in the Groups 2 (Legacy B), and Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O). The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Nov 17, 2016 )
Common Name	Tall Buttercup
Species	Ranunculus acris
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B) Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)
Herbicides	flumetsulam, MCPA, and thifensulfuron-methyl
Location	New Zealand
Year	2010
Situation(s)	Pastures
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Graeme Bourdot, Kerry Harrington, and Carolyn Lusk
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Kerry Harrington

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2015.1016539

Resistance of Ranunculus acris to flumetsulam, thifensulfuron-methyl and MCPA in New Zealand dairy pastures.

CS Lusk^a, GA Hurrell^a, KC Harrington^b, GW Bourdôt^aand DJ Saville^{c

^aAgResearch Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand; ^bInstitute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; ^cSaville Statistical Consulting Ltd, Lincoln, New Zealand}

Research in the 1980s showed that Ranunculus acris had evolved resistance to the phenoxy herbicides MCPA and MCPB in New Zealand. Since then two ALS-inhibitor herbicides, flumetsulam and thifensulfuron-methyl, have been used but recently flumetsulam has been reported as being less effective. The mortality responses of seedling progeny of 15 R. acris populations, differing in historical exposure to phenoxy and ALS-inhibitor herbicides, were compared using a log-series of five doses of MCPA, flumetsulam and thifensulfuron-methyl. The resulting mortalities were higher than expected at lower doses, meaning LD₅₀values were not reliably estimated. In a second experiment, the responses of one population with no previous exposure to herbicides and one population with high exposure to flumetsulam were compared using a wider range of doses of flumetsulam (0.04 to 25 times). The LD₅₀values differed 5.3-fold between the resistant and susceptible biotypes. In a third experiment, four populations varying in past exposure to both herbicide groups were treated with either flumetsulam or MCPA. Resulting LD₅₀values were higher in populations with high previous exposure to both groups. These results confirm that resistance to both phenoxy and ALS herbicides can occur in R. acris populations through repeated use. Since these are the only two available groups for the selective control of this weed in dairy pastures in New Zealand, the options for control are reduced.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Tall Buttercup biotype with this Tall Buttercup biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2, 4 resistant Tall Buttercup have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of multiple resistant Tall Buttercup from New Zealand please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

GRAEME BOURDOT

Canterbury Agricultural & Science Centregerald Street, P.o. Box 60 Lincoln New Zealand Email Graeme Bourdot

KERRY HARRINGTON

Associate Professor in Weed Science Massey University School of Agriculture Private Bag 11-222 Palmerston North, 4442, Manawatu New Zealand Email Kerry Harrington Web : Web Site Link

CAROLYN LUSK

Science technician AgResearch Ltd IFS Gerald St & Springs Rd Lincoln Christchurch, 8140, Canterbury New Zealand Email Carolyn Lusk Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in New Zealand have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Graeme Bourdot, Kerry Harrington, and Carolyn Lusk for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Tall Buttercup Globally
(Ranunculus acris)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

New Zealand

1988

Pastures

MCPA

Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

New Zealand

2010

Pastures

flumetsulam, and thifensulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

New Zealand

2010

Pastures

flumetsulam, MCPA, and thifensulfuron-methyl

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Lusk, C. S. ; Bourdôt, G. W. ; Harrington, K. C. ; Hurrell, G. A.. 2011. Pasture tolerance and efficacy of three herbicides used against giant buttercup (Ranunculus acris subsp. acris L.). New Zealand Plant Protection 64 : 86 - 92.

The herbicides flumetsulam, thifensulfuron-methyl and MCPA were compared for their efficacy against giant buttercup (Ranunculus acris subsp. acris L.) and their damage to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens). The tolerance of perennial ryegrass and white clover to five rates of each herbicide was measured using swards either sown in pots or transplanted from the field. The total clover yield harvested over 5 months from newly-sown pasture was 80, 59 and 4% of the untreated control for flumetsulam, thifensulfuron-methyl and MCPA applied at label rates and 95, 40 and 30% for transplanted swards respectively. The biomass yield of giant buttercup 3 months after treatment was 1, 22 and 2% of the untreated control for flumetsulam, thifensulfuron-methyl and MCPA applied at the label rate. Together these experiments suggest that flumetsulam is the most effective and least pasture-damaging of these three herbicides..

Lamoureaux, S. L. ; Bourdôt, G. W.. 2007. A review of the ecology and management of Ranunculus acris subsp. acris in pasture. Weed Research (Oxford) 47 : 461 - 471.

Ranunculus acris subsp. acris is widespread in pastures across Europe. In New Zealand, it persists in dairy pastures throughout the country, despite the annual use of herbicides, causing a loss in the national yield of milk solids estimated at NZ$156 million in the 2001-2002 milking season. Its persistence appears to be due in part to the production of a blistering agent, protoanemonin, which deters grazing animals, combined with evolved resistance to herbicides and a resilience imparted by a stout rhizome supporting dormant axillary buds. The latter enables regeneration after damage inflicted by herbicides, fungi and other control agents, and facilitates lateral spread and asexual reproduction. Its persistence in dairy pastures may also be influenced by plants recruiting from seeds which are formed annually subject to the availability of insect pollinators. Based on a review of observations and experiments conducted mainly in Europe and New Zealand, we propose a detailed life-cycle model for R. acris. This provides the basis for a matrix population model that will identify the life-cycle stages that contribute most to population growth and, hence, the extent to which each of these would need to be targeted for improved management in dairy pastures in New Zealand..

Bourdôt, G. W. ; Lamoureaux, S.. 2002. Giant buttercup (Ranunculus acris L.) management in dairy pastures - current problems and future solutions. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 64 : 61 - 65.

The history of giant buttercup (R. acris) management in New Zealand dairy farms is reviewed. Giant buttercup resistance to herbicides, population dynamics, and control with a pasture-selective mycoherbicide based on the naturally-occurring fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum are discussed..

Bourdôt, G. W. ; Saville, D. J. ; Hurrell, G. A.. 1996. Ecological fitness and the decline of resistance to the herbicide MCPA in a population of Ranunculus acris. Journal of Applied Ecology 33 : 151 - 160.

Experiments were conducted (1) to determine whether resistance to MCPA would subside in a population of Ranunculus acris subsp. acris after ending a 30-year regime of annual and biennial applications of MCPA, and (1) to test the hypothesis that MCPA-resistant R. acris plants are less competitive than MCPA-susceptible plants when grown together. Experiment 1 was conducted in a dairy pasture population of R. acris that had developed resistance to MCPA after repeated exposure to this herbicide over a period of 30 years. Application of the herbicide was either stopped or continued on plots from 1984/85 until 1988/89. The LD50 value for the seedling progeny of the 1988/89 plants from 'stopped' plots was two-thirds the LD50 for the progeny from 'continued' plots. Previous experiments had shown the LD50 for a susceptible biotype to be one quarter that of the resistant biotype, and so it was estimated that 28 years (90% confidence limits 11 and 84 years) of discontinued treatment would be required for the LD50 of the resistant population to fall to a level 10% above that of the susceptible biotype (which had never been exposed to the herbicide). In Experiment 2, the seedling progeny of a susceptible (S) and resistant (R) field population were grown in monocultures and in 1:1 mixtures under glass over a wide range of densities. A two-species competition model fitted to the plant dry weights indicated that S and R plants were similar in yield at low densities, but that S plants were higher yielding at high densities than R plants. It is suggested that MCPA-resistant plants of R. acris are less fit ecologically than susceptible plants, but the exact mechanisms have not been clearly established..

Bourdôt, G. W. ; Hurrell, G. A. ; Saville, D. J.. 1994. Herbicide cross-resistance in Ranunculus acris L. subsp. acris. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 37 : 255 - 262.

The responses of MCPA-resistant (R) and MCPA-susceptible (S) populations of R. acris subsp. acris to a range of concn of MCPA, 2,4-D, MCPB, chlorsulfuron and thifensulfuron were compared under greenhouse conditions. In a 2nd experiment, also under greenhouse conditions, the responses of R and S plants to the usual field concn of tribenuron-methyl (30 g/ha), bentazone (1.44 kg/ha), glyphosate (2.16 kg), clopyralid (300 g) and asulam (1.6 kg) were compared. R plants of R. acris subsp. acris were cross-resistant to both 2,4-D and MCPB. There was temporary cross-resistance to chlorsulfuron and thifensulfuron which manifested itself in the slower development of apical mortality in R plants, but all R and S plants ultimately died when the recommended field concn of these 2 herbicides were used. There was weak evidence of cross-resistance to bentazone but no evidence of resistance to either tribenuron-methyl or glyphosate, since both resulted in 100% mortality of R and S plants at their recommended field concn. Clopyralid and asulam had no effect on either R or S plants. It was concluded that neither 2,4-D nor MCPB would control R plants of R. acris subsp. acris, except at very high concn but that glyphosate, tribenuron-methyl, chlorsulfuron and thifensulfuron should provide a high level of control at their recommended field concn..

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