<b>HRAC Group 5</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy C1 C2) </font> resistant Sisymbrium orientale from Australia, Victoria

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 5 (LEGACY C1 C2) RESISTANT ORIENTAL MUSTARD
(Sisymbrium orientale)

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Australia, Victoria

INTRODUCTION		ORIENTAL MUSTARD
Oriental Mustard (Sisymbrium orientale) is a dicot weed in the Brassicaceae family. In Victoria this weed first evolved resistance to Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides in 2011 and infests Canola. Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides are known as PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (Inhbition of Photosynthesis at PSll - Serine 264 Binders ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to atrazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Jan 21, 2014 )
Common Name	Oriental Mustard
Species	Sisymbrium orientale
Group	PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Herbicides	atrazine
Location	Australia, Victoria
Year	2011
Situation(s)	Canola
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Peter Boutsalis, and Christopher Preston
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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Oriental Mustard biotype with this Oriental Mustard biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 5 resistant Oriental Mustard have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Oriental Mustard from Victoria please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

PETER BOUTSALIS

Postdoctural Fellow/ Consultant University Of Adelaide / Plant Science Consulting Plant And Pest Science 800 N Lindbergh Blvd 02G Adelaide, 5064, South Australia Australia Email Peter Boutsalis

CHRISTOPHER PRESTON

Postdoctural Fellow/ Consultant University Of Adelaide - Waite Campus Crc For Australian Weed Management And School Of Agriculture Box 2146 Adelaide, 5064, South Australia Australia Email Christopher Preston

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Victoria have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Peter Boutsalis, and Christopher Preston for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Oriental Mustard Globally
(Sisymbrium orientale)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Australia (South Australia)

1990

Spring Barley, and Wheat

chlorsulfuron, imazethapyr, metosulam, metsulfuron-methyl, and triasulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Australia (Queensland)

1993

Wheat

chlorsulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Australia (Western Australia)

1994

Cereals, Spring Barley, and Wheat

chlorsulfuron, and metosulam

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Australia (New South Wales )

1994

Cereals, Spring Barley, and Wheat

chlorsulfuron, and metosulam

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Australia (South Australia)

2005

Cereals

2,4-D, imazethapyr, MCPA, metosulam, and metsulfuron-methyl

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Australia (Victoria)

2010

Spring Barley, and Wheat

chlorsulfuron, and metosulam

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Australia (Victoria)

2011

Peas

diflufenican

Phytoene Desaturase inhibitors ( HRAC Group 12 (Legacy F1)

Australia (Victoria)

2011

Canola

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Preston, C. ; Dolman, F. C. ; Boutsalis, P.. 2013. Multiple resistance to acetohydroxyacid synthase-inhibiting and auxinic herbicides in a population of oriental mustard (Sisymbrium orientale). Weed Science 61 : 185 - 192.

A population of oriental mustard from Port Broughton in South Australia was reported as not being controlled by 2,4-D. Dose response experiments determined this population was resistant to both 2,4-D and MCPA, requiring greater than 20 times more herbicide for equivalent control compared to a known susceptible population (from Roseworthy, South Australia) and a population resistant only to the acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS)-inhibiting herbicides (from Tumby Bay, South Australia). The Port Broughton population was also found to be resistant to three chemical groups that inhibit AHAS; however, the level of resistance was lower than the known acetolactate synthase-resistant population from Tumby Bay. Herbicides from other modes of action were able to control the Port Broughton population. Assays of isolated AHAS from the Port Broughton population showed high levels of resistance to the sulfonylurea and sulfonamide herbicide groups, but not to the imidazolinone herbicides. A single nucleotide change in the AHAS gene that predicted a Pro to Ser substitution at position 197 in the protein was identified in the Port Broughton population. This population of oriental mustard has evolved multiple resistance to AHAS-inhibiting herbicides (AHAS inhibitors) and auxinic herbicides, through a mutation in AHAS and a second nontarget-site mechanism. Whether the same mechanism provides resistance to both AHAS inhibitors and auxinic herbicides remains to be determined. Multiple resistance to auxinic herbicides and AHAS inhibitors in the Port Broughton population will make control of this population more difficult..

Aman, M. K. M. ; Boutsalis, P. ; Preston, C.. 2008. Resistance to hormone mimic herbicides and acetohydroxyacid synthase-inhibiting herbicides in Sisymbrium orientale. : .

In 2005, failure of 2,4-D to control Sisymbrium orientale was reported in a wheat field near Port Broughton, South Australia, Australia. This paper discusses the resistance of S. orientale to hormone mimic herbicides and AHAS-inhibiting herbicides, and the level of gene flow of the herbicide resistance traits between resistant and susceptible populations..

Tominaga, T.. 2007. Germination characteristics of ALS inhibiting herbicides-resistant biotypes of weed. Journal of Weed Science and Technology 52 : 36 - 40.

This overview explains the germination characteristics of ALS inhibition herbicide-resistant biotypes of weed such as Lactuca serriola L., Kochia scoparia L. [Bassia scoparia], Lolium rigidum Gaud., Sisymbrium orientale Torn., Scirpus juncoides Roxb. var. ohwianus T. Koyama and Bromus tectorum L.. Valine, isoleucine and leucine content in the seeds of ALS inhibition herbicide-resistant biotypes are also discussed and the data from Kochia scoparia L. [Bassia scoparia] and Lactuca serriola L. are shown. In the seeds of ALS inhibition herbicide-resistant Kochia scoparia L., valine, isoleucine and leucine content are twice as much as that of ALS herbicide-susceptible variety. Valine, isoleucine and leucine content in the seeds of ALS inhibition herbicide-resistant Lactuca serriola L. are 70%, 9% and 43% higher, respectively, in comparison to that of ALS inhibition herbicide-susceptible variety..

Boutsalis, P. ; Karotam, J. ; Powles, S. B.. 1999. Molecular basis of resistance to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides in Sisymbrium orientale and Brassica tournefortii. Pesticide Science 55 : 507 - 516.

Three Australian Sisymbrium orientale and one Brassica tournefortii biotypes are resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides due to their possession of an ALS enzyme with decreased sensitivity to these herbicides. Enzyme kinetic studies revealed no interbiotypic differences within species in K_m (pyruvate) (the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half maximal) but a greater V_max (the rate when the enzyme is fully saturated with substrate) for two of the resistant S. orientale biotypes over susceptible levels. F₁ hybrids from reciprocal crosses between resistant and susceptible biotypes of S. orientale showed an intermediate response to chlorsulfuron compared to the parental plants. ALS herbicide resistance in S. orientale segregated in a 3:1 (resistant:susceptible) ratio in F₂ plants with a single rate of chlorsulfuron, indicating that resistance is inherited as a single, incompletely dominant nuclear gene. Two regions of the ALS structural gene known to vary in ALS-resistant biotypes were amplified and sequenced. Resistant S. orientale biotypes NS01 and SS03 contained a single nucleotide substitution in Domain B, predicting a Trp (in susceptible) to Leu (in resistant) amino acid change. Two adjacent nucleotide substitutions (CCT to ATT) predicting a Pro (in susceptible) to Ile (in resistant) change in the primary amino acid sequence were identified in Domain A of resistant S. orientale biotype SS01. Likewise, a single nucleotide substitution at the same site in the resistant B. tournefortii biotype predicts a Pro (in susceptible) to Ala (in resistant) substitution. No other interbiotypic nucleotide differences predicted amino acid changes in the sequenced regions, suggesting that the amino acid substitutions reported above are responsible for resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in the respective biotypes..

Rieger, M. A. ; Preston, C. ; Powles, S. B.. 1999. Risks of gene flow from transgenic herbicide-resistant canola (Brassica napus) to weedy relatives in southern Australian cropping systems. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50 : 115 - 128.

It is likely that transgenic canola [rape] expressing genes encoding resistance to glyphosate and glufosinate ammonium will be introduced into the Australian cropping system in the next few years. One risk associated with the introduction of such cultivars is the release of herbicide resistance genes into weedy relatives of canola. This review examines the currently available experimental information regarding the possibility of gene flow from canola to weedy relatives. Three species are identified as having the potential to outcross with canola, Brassica juncea, B. rapa [B. campestris] and Raphanus raphanistrum. The first two of these species are not yet widespread weeds of the southern Australian cropping zone. In contrast, R. raphanistrum is already a major weed in Australia with existing resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. Information is urgently needed to determine whether successful hybrids between B. napus and R. raphanistrum can be produced under Australian conditions. Major deficiencies in the existing information are identified in relation to some other important weed species within the southern Australian cropping zone. Further studies are required to determine the outcrossing potential of canola to B. tournefortii, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Sisymbrium officinale and S. orientale if transgenic canola is to be safely and responsibly introduced into Australia..

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