INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 22 (LEGACY D) RESISTANT PENNSYLVANIA EVERLASTING
(Gamochaeta pensylvanica)

PS I Electron Diversion HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

Japan, Kanagawa
INTRODUCTION PENNSYLVANIA EVERLASTING
Pennsylvania Everlasting (Gamochaeta pensylvanica) is a dicot weed in the Asteraceae family.  In Japan this weed first evolved resistance to Group 22 (Legacy D) herbicides in 1991 and infests Mulberry.   Group 22 (Legacy D) herbicides are known as PS I Electron Diversion (PSI Electron Diversion ).  Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to paraquat and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 22 (Legacy D) herbicides.

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

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QUIK STATS (last updated Jun 08, 2015 )

Common NamePennsylvania Everlasting
SpeciesGamochaeta pensylvanica
GroupPS I Electron Diversion HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
Herbicidesparaquat
LocationJapan, Kanagawa
Year1991
Situation(s)Mulberry
Contributors - (Alphabetically)Satoshi Iwakami, and Akira Uchino 
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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Pennsylvania Everlasting biotype with this Pennsylvania Everlasting biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.
 
Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 22 resistant Pennsylvania Everlasting have not been reported to the site.  There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature
 
Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database.  If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.
 
Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes.  If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 22 (Legacy D) resistant Pennsylvania Everlasting from Japan please update the database.
 
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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

SATOSHI IWAKAMI
Weed Scientist
University of Tsukuba
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences
1-1-1 Tennoudai
Tsukuba, 305-8577, Ibaraki
Japan
Email Satoshi Iwakami
AKIRA UCHINO
Weed Scientist
NARO Agricultural Research Center
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences
3-1-1 Kannondai
Tsukuba, 305-8666, Ibaraki
Japan
Email Akira Uchino

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Japan have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Satoshi Iwakami, and Akira Uchino for providing detailed information.
Herbicide Resistant Pennsylvania Everlasting Globally
(Gamochaeta pensylvanica)
Herbicide Resistant Pennsylvania Everlasting Globally
(Gamochaeta pensylvanica)
Drag a column header and drop it here to group by that column
Herbicide Resistant Pennsylvania Everlasting Globally
(Gamochaeta pensylvanica)
#CountryFirstYearSituationActive IngredientsSite of Action
1 Australia (Queensland) AustraliaQueensland2015 Sugarcane for sugar, and Vegetables paraquat 1 PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
 		298Gamochaeta pensylvanicaPennsylvania Everlasting11029
2 JapanJapan 1991 Mulberry paraquat 25 PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
 		298Gamochaeta pensylvanicaPennsylvania Everlasting7789
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Heap, I.  The International Herbicide-Resistant Weed Database.  Online.  Saturday, October 25, 2025 .  Available  www.weedscience.org Copyright © 1993- 2025 WeedScience.org All rights reserved. Fair use of this material is encouraged. Proper citation is requested.