<b>HRAC Group 5</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy C1 C2) </font> resistant Portulaca oleracea from United States, Michigan

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 5 (LEGACY C1 C2) RESISTANT COMMON PURSLANE
(Portulaca oleracea)

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States, Michigan

INTRODUCTION		COMMON PURSLANE
Common Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is a dicot weed in the Portulacaceae family. In Michigan this weed first evolved resistance to Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides in 1991 and infests Carrots, and Vegetables. Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides are known as PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (Inhbition of Photosynthesis at PSll - Serine 264 Binders ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to atrazine, and linuron and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Mar 05, 2007 )
Common Name	Common Purslane
Species	Portulaca oleracea
Group	PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Herbicides	atrazine, and linuron
Location	United States, Michigan
Year	1991
Situation(s)	Carrots, and Vegetables
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Steven Gower, Joseph G. Masabni, and Bernard Zandstra
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Bernard Zandstra

Lapeer county, 1 mile north of Imlay City, Brandt Farms, SE of packingshed near pond.

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GENERAL

Bernard Zandstra

The resistant common purslane is concentrated at the end of the rows where linuron would be concentrated by boom overlap and final passes. This biotype is immune to atrazine with no reaction to over 200 kg/ha.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, and Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Common Purslane biotype with this Common Purslane biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 5 resistant Common Purslane have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Common Purslane from Michigan please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

STEVEN GOWER

Former Weed Science Diagnostician (Now with Monsanto) Michigan State University Diagnostic Services 578 Wilson Rd. East Lansing, 48824, Michigan United States Email Steven Gower

JOSEPH G. MASABNI

Extension Vegetable Specialist Texas A&M University Department of Horticultural Sciences 2134 TAMU College Station, 77843-2133, Texas United States Email Joseph G. Masabni Web : Web Site Link

BERNARD ZANDSTRA

Professor Michigan State University Department of Horticulture A440 Plant & Soil Sciences Building 1066 Bogue Street East Lansing, 48824-1325, Michigan United States Email Bernard Zandstra Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Michigan have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Steven Gower, Joseph G. Masabni, and Bernard Zandstra for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Common Purslane Globally
(Portulaca oleracea)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

United States (Michigan)

1991

Carrots, and Vegetables

atrazine, and linuron

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Santín Montanyá, M. I. ; Lorenzo Iñigo, I. ; Loureiro, I. ; Chueca, M. C. ; García Baudín, J. M.. 2011. Effects of glyphosate on weed population of an herbicide tolerant corn crop. : 165 - 168.

With the arrival of genetically modified herbicide tolerant crops, an increase is expected in the use of broad-spectrum herbicides to control annual and perennial weeds. Furthermore, these herbicides are increasingly used in croplands. Genetically modified glyphosate tolerant corn (NK603) has been studied for three years and in four different locations. Changes in the weed community present in the plots under pre-emergence conventional herbicides and glyphosate have been observed. The results showed on grass weeds higher effectiveness of glyphosate than conventional treatments. Nevertheless, the broad leaved Portulaca oleracea L. was better controlled under the conventional treatment..

Norsworthy, J. K. ; Smith, J. P.. 2005. Tolerance of leafy greens to preemergence and postemergence herbicides. Weed Technology 19 : 724 - 730.

Field experiments were conducted in 2003 and 2004 to determine the tolerance of direct-seeded leafy turnip greens (Brassica rapa [B. campestris]), mustard greens (Brassica juncea), kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala [B. oleracea var. viridis] 'Blue Knight'), and collard (B. oleracea var. acephala 'Top Bunch') to selected preemergence and postemergence herbicides and to determine the efficacy of these herbicides against weeds that are common to the southeastern coastal plains of the United States. Pendimethalin applied preemergence controlled large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), goosegrass (Eleusine indica), carpetweed (Mollugo verticillata) and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea), but it injured turnip greens, mustard greens, kale, and collard. Dimethenamid at 0.31 and 0.63 kg/ha controlled large crabgrass and goosegrass but did not control hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides) or common purslane at the lower rate. In 2003, dimethenamid at 0.63 kg/ha injured mustard greens, kale, and collard more than 40%. S-metolachlor applied preemergence at 0.45 kg/ha controlled large crabgrass, goosegrass, hairy nightshade, and common purslane while causing little or no injury to turnip greens, mustard greens, kale, and collard. Clopyralid at 0.10 kg/ha controlled common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) 76 to 95% and hairy nightshade 93% but did not control carpetweed, common purslane, large crabgrass, and goosegrass. Turnip greens, mustard greens, kale, and collard generally were tolerant of clopyralid, but mustard was injured 29% in 2003. Phenmedipham alone or in combination with desmedipham injured mustard greens 54 to 82% in 2003 and failed to control weeds. Of the herbicides evaluated, S-metolachlor provides the best potential to improve weed control in direct-seeded leafy greens in the southeastern United States..

Reddy, K. N.. 2004. Weed control and species shift in bromoxynil- and glyphosate-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) rotation systems. Weed Technology 18 : 131 - 139.

A field study was conducted from 1999 through 2001 in Stoneville, Mississippi, USA, to determine the effects of bromoxynil-resistant (BR) and glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton (G. hirsutum) rotation systems under ultranarrow- (25-cm spacing) and wide- (102-cm spacing) row planting on weed control, weed density and shift, and cotton yield. The four rotations during the 3 years included BR-BR-BR, GR-GR-GR, BR-GR-BR, and GR-BR-GR, all with bromoxynil or glyphosate post-emergence (POST) only or following fluometuron plus pendimethalin pre-emergence (PRE). Control of hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata), pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa), prickly sida (Sida spinosa), and hyssop spurge (Euphorbia hyssopifolia) was ≥97% regardless of row width, rotation, and herbicide programme. Control of common purslane (Portulaca oleracea), sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia [Cassia obtusifolia]), and smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) was higher with glyphosate POST in GR cotton than with bromoxynil POST in BR cotton. Broadleaf and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) weed biomass were higher with bromoxynil POST in BR cotton than with glyphosate POST in GR cotton. Continuous BR cotton system resulted in higher densities of common purslane, sicklepod, and yellow nutsedge (15.3, 1.5, and 373 plants/m², respectively) compared with continuous GR cotton (0.7, 0.1, and 1.0 plant/m², respectively). Seed cotton yield was consistently higher in wide- than in ultranarrow-row cotton. Seed cotton yield was lower in continuous BR cotton than in the other three rotation systems, and yields greatly improved when BR cotton was rotated with GR cotton. During the 3-year period, seed cotton yields with glyphosate POST only (4000-4890 kg/ha) or after PRE herbicides (4480-4860 kg/ha) were similar in GR cotton, whereas in BR cotton, bromoxynil POST only (1390-4280 kg/ha) resulted in lower yield than did bromoxynil POST after PRE herbicides (2550-4480 kg/ha). The results indicated that the shift in spectrum of weeds toward more tolerant species and yield decline in continuous BR cotton can be prevented by rotating BR with GR cotton..

Walker, S. ; Osten, V. ; Storrie, A. ; Robinson, G. ; Cook, T. ; Galea, K.. 2002. Weeds at risk of developing herbicide resistance in the different cropping systems of the northern region. : 620 - 621.

Herbicide resistance is an increasing concern in the northern grain region with 10 weed species confirmed resistant in the last decade. A new project is identifying additional weeds and cropping systems that are at risk of developing resistance in the near future. This is being achieved by collating information and calculating a risk score for each main weed based on herbicide use patterns for the different crop rotations across the region. Several examples are presented for the main in-crop and fallow weeds of southern Queensland. The crop rotation of the northern region consisted of barley, chickpea, cotton, mung bean, oat, sorghum, sunflower and wheat. The main crops in southern Queensland were wheat (32%), sorghum (20%), cotton (13%), barley (11%) and chickpea (10%). Eighty-one weed species were identified in the southern Queensland surveys. Common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) was the most widespread weed n both crops and fallows. Turnip weed (Rapistrum rugosum), wild oats (Avena spp.), black bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus), liverseed grass (Urochloa panicoides), barnyard grass (Echinochloa spp.), bladder ketma (Hibiscus trionum), pigweed (Portulaca oleracea) and caltrop (Tribulus terrestris) were similar in ranked importance in both crops and fallows. Risk assessments indicate that wild oats have a high risk for resistance to Group A herbicides, common sowthistle and black bindweed to Group B, and barnyard grass and common sowthistle to Group M herbicides..

Reddy, K. N.. 2001. Broadleaf weed control in ultra narrow row bromoxynil-resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Weed Technology 15 : 497 - 504.

A field experiment was conducted over 2 years to study efficacy of bromoxynil mixtures with pyrithiobac or MSMA applied post-emergence (POST) with and without fluometuron or fluometuron plus pendimethalin pre-emergence (PRE) for control of broadleaf weeds in ultra narrow row bromoxynil-resistant cotton in the Mississippi Delta (USA; 1999-2000). Bromoxynil applied POST (single or sequential) provided variable control of common purslane (Portulaca oleracea; <9%), sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia; <35%), Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri; <46%), prickly sida (Sida spinosa; >75%), hyssop spurge (Euphorbia hyssopifolia; >79%), hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata; >96%), and pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa; 100%) at 4 weeks after early POST (WAT). Broadleaf weed control increased when PRE herbicides were followed by bromoxynil or bromoxynil plus pyrithiobac or MSMA POST. Weed control generally decreased at harvest compared to 4 WAT, and the decrease was greater in bromoxynil POST-only programmes compared to bromoxynil POST following PRE programmes. Seed cotton yield with bromoxynil POST-only programmes was lower (400 to 2810 kg/ha) compared to bromoxynil POST programmes following PRE herbicides (2150 to 3720 kg/ha). Early-season weed interference and variable control of weeds in bromoxynil POST-only programmes resulted in greater cotton stand reduction and lower open bolls per plant compared to bromoxynil POST programmes following PRE herbicides..

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