<b>HRAC Group 5</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy C1 C2) </font> resistant Amaranthus albus from Spain

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 5 (LEGACY C1 C2) RESISTANT TUMBLE PIGWEED
(Amaranthus albus)

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Spain

INTRODUCTION		TUMBLE PIGWEED
Tumble Pigweed (Amaranthus albus) is a dicot weed in the Amaranthaceae family. In Spain this weed first evolved resistance to Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides in 1987 and infests Orchards. Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides are known as PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (Inhbition of Photosynthesis at PSll - Serine 264 Binders ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to simazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Nov 18, 2000 )
Common Name	Tumble Pigweed
Species	Amaranthus albus
Group	PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Herbicides	simazine
Location	Spain
Year	1987
Situation(s)	Orchards
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Rafael De Prado
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Rafael De Prado

Cordoba, Jaen.

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GENERAL

Rafael De Prado

Target site mechanism of resistance.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Tumble Pigweed biotype with this Tumble Pigweed biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 5 resistant Tumble Pigweed have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Tumble Pigweed from Spain indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Tumble Pigweed from Spain please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

RAFAEL DE PRADO

Universidad De Cordoba Qvimica Agricola Y Edafologa E T S Ingenieros Agronomos PO Box 119 Cordoba, E-14080, Andalusia Spain Email Rafael De Prado

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Spain have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Rafael De Prado for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Tumble Pigweed Globally
(Amaranthus albus)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Spain

1987

Orchards

simazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Abit, M. J. M. ; Al-Khatib, K. ; Olson, B. L. ; Stahlman, P. W. ; Geier, P. W. ; Thompson, C. R. ; Currie, R. S. ; Schlegel, A. J. ; Holman, J. D. ; Hudson, K. A. ; Shoup, D. E. ; Moechnig, M. J. ; Grichar, W. J. ; Bean, B. W.. 2011. Efficacy of postemergence herbicides tankmixes in aryloxyphenoxypropionate-resistant grain sorghum. Crop Protection 30 : 1623 - 1628.

The development of aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP)-resistant grain sorghum could provide additional opportunities for postemergence herbicide grass control in grain sorghum. Field experiments were conducted in Texas (Bushland, and Yoakum), Kansas (Dodge City, Garden City, Hays, Manhattan, Colby, Ottawa, and Tribune), and South Dakota (Highmore) to evaluate the efficacy of quizalofop tank mixes in APP-resistant grain sorghum. Quizalofop was applied alone or in combination with dicamba, 2,4-D, prosulfuron, 2,4-D+metsulfuron methyl, or halosulfuron methyl+dicamba. Herbicides were applied when sorghum was 12-50 cm in height. Overall weed control was greater when quizalofop was applied with other herbicides than when applied alone. At 2 and 4 weeks after treatment (WAT), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.), and green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.] control were greater than 90% when quizalofop was applied alone or in combination with dicamba, halosulfuron methyl+dicamba, or prosulfuron. Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.), puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris L.), and tumble pigweed (Amaranthus albus L.) control were greater than 90% in all treatments except when quizalofop was applied alone. Herbicide treatments, except those that included 2,4-D, caused slight to no sorghum injury. Grain sorghum yield was greater for all herbicide treatments compared to the weedy check. This research showed that application of quizalofop in combination with broadleaf weed herbicides provided excellent weed control in sorghum..

Calha, Im; Rocha, F; Ruiz-Santaella, Jr; Cruz-Hipolito, He. 2008. Two decades of herbicide resistance in the Iberian Peninsula. Journal Of Plant Diseases And Protection : 79 - 84.

About 20 years ago the first case of herbicide resistance in the Iberian Peninsula was reported: Amaranthus spp. R to atrazine in Spanish orchards. Since then, herbicide resistance has evolved in many weed species. Changes on agricultural practices namely new tillage systems, new rotational programmes, combined with the increased use of herbicides led to the selection of weed biotypes resistant to a wide range of herbicides. Nowadays such a problem affects the most important crops of this Peninsula (maize, wheat, rice, citrus and olive orchards), a spectrum of 26 weed species (14 dicotyledonous and 12 monocotyledonous) with biotypes resistant to several herbicides, namely to ALS inhibitors (Alisma plantago-aquatica, Cyperus difformis, Conyza albida, Aster squamatus, Avena sterilis and Papaver rhoeas), to ACCase inhibitors (Lolium rigidum), to PS II inhibitors (Amaranthus albus, A. blitoides, A. cruentus, A. hybridus, A. retroflexus, Bromus tectorum, Chenopodium album, Conyza bonariensis, C. canadensis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Polygonum lapathifolium, Setaria faberi, S. glauca, S. verticillata, S. viridis and Solanum nigrum), to ureas and amides (B. tectorum and Alopecurus myosuroides), to synthetic auxins (E. crus-galli) and more recently to the herbicide glyphosate (C. bonariensis; L. rigidum and L. multiflorum). Diversity of resistance mechanisms responsible for resistance in this Region involved target site resistance, enhanced rates of herbicide metabolism and multiple resistance. This paper reviews the actual situation in Iberian Peninsula and gives a perspective of adequate strategies for weed management considering the resistance mechanism, the availability of alternative herbicides and other cultural practices.

Costea, M. ; Tardif, F. J.. 2003. The biology of Canadian weeds. 126. Amaranthus albus L., A. blitoides S. Watson and A. blitum L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83 : 1039 - 1066.

A review of biological information is provided for three species of the genus Amaranthus: A. albus, A. blitoides and A. blitum. The last species has been revised taxonomically and a new subspecies for Canada is presented - A. blitum subsp. emarginatus subsp. nov. Amaranthus albus and A. blitoides are native to the USA and introduced to Canada. Both species are annual ruderal and agrestal weeds. During the past 100 years, the two species have spread across most provinces of Canada, but the greatest frequency and abundance have been recorded in Saskatchewan. Originating from Europe, Asia and North Africa, A. blitum was initially considered a non-persistent species. The present study shows that A. blitum especially, subsp. emarginatus, has continued to spread in Québec. The three species are alternate hosts to many insects, nematodes, viruses, bacteria and fungi that affect cultivated plants. In other areas (USA, Europe and Asia), the three species have developed multiple resistance to triazine and acetolactate-synthase-inhibiting herbicides..

Dominguez, C. ; Tena, M. ; Rodriguez, I. ; Prado, R. de. 1994. Lipid composition and chloroplast ultrastructure in triazine resistant biotypes of Amaranthus species. Journal of Plant Physiology 143 : 637 - 642.

A study was conducted of thylakoid membrane polar lipid composition and of chloroplast ultrastructure in triazine-resistant (R) and -susceptible (S) biotypes of four Amaranthus species (A. albus, A. blitoides, A. hybridus and A. retroflexus). R biotypes showed higher values for MGDG/DGDG (monogalactosyl-diacylglyceride/digalactosyl-diacylglyceride) and MGDG/PL (monogalactosyl-diacylglyceride/phospholipid) ratios. For fatty acid composition, when R were compared with S biotypes, they showed higher trans-hexadecenoic acid content in the PL fraction, higher linolenic acid content in TL, MGDG and DGDG, and lower linoleic acid content in TL, MGDG and DGDG. Studies of chloroplast ultrastructure revealed no appreciable difference between R and S biotypes with regard to the chlorophyll a/b ratio or the extent of thylakoid appression..

Prado, R. de ; Dominguez, C. ; Tena, M.. 1993. Triazine resistance in biotypes of Solanum nigrum and four Amaranthus species found in Spain. Weed Research (Oxford) 33 : 17 - 24.

Triazine-resistant (R) biotypes of Amaranthus albus, A. blitoides, A. hybridus, A. retroflexus and Solanum nigrum were found in Spain (A. retroflexus near Zaragoza and the others near Córdoba). The former 2 R biotypes were found in simazine-treated, non-tilled olive orchards, whereas the latter 3 came from atrazine-treated maize crops. All R biotypes survived rates of up to 5 kg/ha soil-incorporated atrazine or simazine, whereas their susceptible (S) or wild type counterparts were completely controlled by 0.25 kg (A. hybridus, A. retroflexus and S. nigrum) or 2.5 kg (A. albus and A. blitoides) atrazine. The higher tolerance to triazines of these latter S biotypes appeared to be attributable to herbicide detoxification. Photosynthetic electron transport in R biotypes was little affected by atrazine and simazine, but was inhibited by diuron, as shown by fluorescence induction measurements in whole leaves. In Hill reaction assays, the R biotypes showed a high level of resistance to atrazine and simazine (resistance factors in the range 350-900), and very slight resistance to diuron (resistance factors in the range 1.1-1.6). It is concluded that the R biotypes of the species studied have evolved a chloroplastic mode of resistance similar to that previously described for other triazine-resistant weed biotypes..

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