<b>HRAC Group 34</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy F3) </font> resistant Agrostis stolonifera from Belgium

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 34 (LEGACY F3) RESISTANT CREEPING BENTGRASS
(Agrostis stolonifera)

Inhibition of Lycopene Cyclase HRAC Group 34 (Legacy F3)

Belgium, East Flanders

INTRODUCTION		CREEPING BENTGRASS
Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In Belgium this weed first evolved resistance to Group 34 (Legacy F3) herbicides in 1986 and infests Pears. Group 34 (Legacy F3) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Lycopene Cyclase (Inhibition of Lycopene Cyclase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to amitrole and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 34 (Legacy F3) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Sep 15, 2000 )
Common Name	Creeping Bentgrass
Species	Agrostis stolonifera
Group	Inhibition of Lycopene Cyclase HRAC Group 34 (Legacy F3)
Herbicides	amitrole
Location	Belgium, East Flanders
Year	1986
Situation(s)	Pears
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Robert Bulcke, and Hilde Eelen
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Robert Bulcke

This resistant biotype has only been identified in one long-term field experiment in a pear orchard at Melle (East - Flanders)

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, and Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Creeping Bentgrass biotype with this Creeping Bentgrass biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 34 resistant Creeping Bentgrass have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 34 (Legacy F3) resistant Creeping Bentgrass from Belgium please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

ROBERT BULCKE

University Gent Lab. Of Herbology - U. G. Plant Div 635 Capitol St NE, Weed Control Program Gent, B-9000 Belgium Email Robert Bulcke

HILDE EELEN

Dow AgroSciences Lab. Of Herbology - U. G. Prins Boudewijnlaan 41 Edegem, 2640 Belgium Email Hilde Eelen

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Belgium have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Robert Bulcke, and Hilde Eelen for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Creeping Bentgrass Globally
(Agrostis stolonifera)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Belgium

1986

Pears

amitrole

Inhibition of Lycopene Cyclase ( HRAC Group 34 (Legacy F3)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Choi YunSung ; Kim YongMin ; Hwang OkJin ; Han YunJeong ; Kim SooYoung ; Kim JeongIl. 2013. Overexpression of Arabidopsis ABF3 gene confers enhanced tolerance to drought and heat stress in creeping bentgrass. Plant Biotechnology Reports 7 : 165 - 173.

The Arabidopsis, abscisic acid responsive element-binding factor 3, ABF3 is known to play an important role in stress responses via regulating the expression of stress-responsive genes. In this study, we introduced pCAMBIA3301 vector harboring the ABF3 gene into creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in order to develop a stress-tolerant variety of turfgrass. After transformation, putative transgenic plants were selected using the herbicide resistance assay. Genomic integration of the transgene was confirmed by genomic PCR and Southern blot analysis, and gene expression was validated by northern blot analysis. Under drought-stressed condition, the transgenic plants overexpressing ABF3 displayed significantly enhanced drought tolerance with higher water content and slower water loss rate than the control plants. Furthermore, the stomata of the ABF3 transgenic plants closed more than those of wild-type creeping bentgrass plants, under both non-stressed and ABA treatment conditions. In addition, the transgenic plants showed enhanced tolerance to heat stress. These results suggest that the overexpression of the ABF3 gene in creeping bentgrass might enhance survival in water-limiting and high temperature environments through increased stomatal closure and reduced water losses..

Zapiola, M. L. ; Mallory-Smith, C. A.. 2012. Crossing the divide: gene flow produces intergeneric hybrid in feral transgenic creeping bentgrass population. Molecular Ecology 21 : 4672 - 4680.

Gene flow is the most frequently expressed public concern related to the deregulation of transgenic events (Snow 2002; Ellstrand 2003). However, assessing the potential for transgene escape is complex because it depends on the opportunities for unintended gene flow, and establishment and persistence of the transgene in the environment (Warwick et al. 2008). Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.), a turfgrass species widely used on golf courses, has been genetically engineered to be resistant to glyphosate, a nonselective herbicide. Outcrossing species, such as creeping bentgrass (CB), which have several compatible species, have greater chances for gene escape and spontaneous hybridization (i.e. natural, unassisted sexual reproduction between taxa in the field), which challenges transgene containment. Several authors have emphasized the need for evidence of spontaneous hybridization to infer the potential for gene flow (Armstrong et al. 2005). Here we report that a transgenic intergeneric hybrid has been produced as result of spontaneous hybridization of a feral-regulated transgenic pollen receptor (CB) and a nontransgenic pollen donor (rabbitfoot grass, RF, Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.). We identified an off-type transgenic seedling and confirmed it to be CB × RF intergeneric hybrid. This first report of a transgenic intergeneric hybrid produced in situ with a regulated transgenic event demonstrates the importance of considering all possible avenues for transgene spread at the landscape level before planting a regulated transgenic crop in the field. Spontaneous hybridization adds a level of complexity to transgene monitoring, containment, mitigation and remediation programmes..

Bollman, M. A. ; Storm, M. J. ; King, G. A. ; Watrud, L. S.. 2012. Wetland and riparian plant communities at risk of invasion by transgenic herbicide-resistant Agrostis spp. in central Oregon. Plant Ecology 213 : 355 - 370.

Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) and redtop (A. gigantea) are introduced turfgrasses that are naturalized throughout the northern U.S. Interest in creeping bentgrass has risen following the 2003 escape of a genetically modified (GM), herbicide-resistant cultivar near Madras, Oregon. The objectives of this study were to characterize the floristic attributes of the plant communities associated with naturalized Agrostis populations in the Madras area, and to identify plant communities at risk of invasion by transgenic Agrostis. Vegetation data collected from 62 stratified random vegetation plots with and without A. stolonifera and A. gigantea identified 11 distinct plant communities. Community composition was strongly correlated with an indirect soil moisture index based on the wetland status of individual species. Results indicate that wetland plant communities are at the highest risk of invasion by transgenic A. stolonifera. Also, inter-specific gene flow to A. gigantea could affect additional habitats and plant communities where A. stolonifera is not found. Both A. stolonifera and A. gigantea were invasive in wetland and riparian settings in the Madras study area, and introducing glyphosate (e.g., Roundup®, Rodeo®) herbicide tolerance into these populations would eliminate the primary means of control for these species..

Lee KiWon ; Kim KiYong ; Kim KyungHee ; Lee ByungHyun ; Kim JinSeog ; Lee SangHoon. 2011. Development of antibiotic marker-free creeping bentgrass resistance against herbicides. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 43 : 13 - 18.

Herbicide-resistant creeping bentgrass plants (Agrostis stolonifera L.) without antibiotic-resistant markers were produced by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Embryogenic callus tissues were infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105, harboring the bar and the CP4-EPSPS genes for bialaphos and glyphosate resistance. Phosphinothricin-resistant calli and plants were selected. Soil-grown plants were obtained at 14-16 weeks after transformation. Genetic transformation of the selected, regenerated plants was validated by PCR. Southern blot analysis revealed that at least one copy of the transgene was integrated into the genome of the transgenic plants. Transgene expression was confirmed by Northern blot. CP4-EPSPS protein was detected by ELISA. Transgenic plants remained green and healthy when sprayed with Basta, containing 0.5% glufosinate ammonium or glyphosate. The optimized Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method resulted in an average of 9.4% transgenic plants. The results of the present study suggest that the optimized marker-free technique could be used as an effective and reliable method for routine transformation, which may facilitate the development of varieties of new antibiotic-free grass species..

Zapiola, M. L. ; Cronn, R. C. ; Mallory-Smith, C. A.. 2010. Development of novel chloroplast microsatellite markers to identify species in the Agrostis complex (Poaceae) and related genera. Molecular Ecology Resources 10 : 738 - 740.

We needed a reliable way to identify species and confirm potential interspecific and intergeneric hybrids in a landscape level study of gene flow from transgenic glyphosate-resistant Agrostis stolonifera (Poaceae) to compatible relatives. We developed 12 new polymorphic chloroplast microsatellite markers to aid in identifying species recipient of transgenic pollen both within the Agrostis complex and the related genera Polypogon..

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