<b>HRAC Group 9</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy G) </font> resistant Bidens subalternans from Paraguay

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 9 (LEGACY G) RESISTANT GREATER BEGGARTICKS
(Bidens subalternans)

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Paraguay, Naranjal, and Santa Rosa del Monday

INTRODUCTION		GREATER BEGGARTICKS
Greater Beggarticks (Bidens subalternans) is a dicot weed in the Asteraceae family. In Paraguay this weed first evolved resistance to Group 9 (Legacy G) herbicides in 2018 and infests Soybean. Group 9 (Legacy G) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (Inhibition of EPSP synthase). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to glyphosate and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 9 (Legacy G) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Nov 09, 2018 )
Common Name	Greater Beggarticks
Species	Bidens subalternans
Group	Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
Herbicides	glyphosate
Location	Paraguay, Naranjal, and Santa Rosa del Monday
Year	2018
Situation(s)	Soybean
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Fernando Adegas, Jamil Constantin, Dionisio Gazziero, Rubem Oliveira, and Hudson Takano
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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Greater Beggarticks biotype with this Greater Beggarticks biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 9 resistant Greater Beggarticks have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 9 (Legacy G) resistant Greater Beggarticks from Paraguay please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

FERNANDO ADEGAS

Weed Scientist Embrapa Soja Weed Management Rod. Carlos Joao Strass Ac. Orlando Amaral. PO Box 231 Londrina, 86001-970, Paraná Brazil Email Fernando Adegas Web : Web Site Link

JAMIL CONSTANTIN

Associate Professor Universidade Estadual de Maringá Departamento de Agronomia Av. Colombo 5790 Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Paraná Brazil Email Jamil Constantin Web : Web Site Link

DIONISIO GAZZIERO

Research Associate Embrapa Soja 5825 South Bend Rd 86001-970 Londrina-Pr, 87020-900, Paraná Brazil Email Dionisio Gazziero Web : Web Site Link

RUBEM OLIVEIRA

Associate Professor Universidade Estadual De Maringá - Departamento De Agronomia Núcleo De Estudos Avançados Em Ciência Das Plantas Daninhas Av. Colombo 5790 Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná Brazil Email Rubem Oliveira Web : Web Site Link

HUDSON TAKANO

Graduate Student Colorado State University Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management 300 W Pitkin St Fort Collins, 80521, Colorado United States Email Hudson Takano Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Paraguay have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Fernando Adegas, Jamil Constantin, Dionisio Gazziero, Rubem Oliveira, and Hudson Takano for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Greater Beggarticks Globally
(Bidens subalternans)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Brazil

1996

Soybean

chlorimuron-ethyl, imazethapyr, and nicosulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Brazil

2006

Corn (maize)

atrazine, foramsulfuron, and iodosulfuron-methyl-Na

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Brazil

2023

Corn (maize), and Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Paraguay

2018

Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Takano, H., V. Fernandes, F. Adegas, R. Oliveira, P. Westra, T. Gaines, and F. Dayan. 2019. A novel TIPT double mutation in EPSPS conferring glyphosate resistance in tetraploid Bidens subalternans. Pest Management Science : .

BACKGROUND

Bidens subalternans (greater beggarticks) is a tetraploid and troublesome weed infesting annual crops in most tropical regions of the world. A glyphosate‐resistant (GR) B. subalternans biotype was detected in a soybean field from Paraguay. A series of physiological and molecular analyses were conducted to elucidate its resistance mechanisms.

RESULTS

The GR biotype had a high level of resistance (> 15‐fold LD50), relative to a glyphosate‐susceptible (GS) biotype. Shikimate accumulation was up to ten‐fold greater for GS compared with GR. We found no differences in sensitivity when plants were treated and kept under lower (10/4 °C) or higher temperatures (25/20 °C). GS and GR had the same relative EPSPS gene copy number, and similar glyphosate absorption and translocation rates. Neither biotype metabolized glyphosate. A double amino acid substitution (TIPT – Thr102Ile and Pro106Thr) was found in only one EPSPS allele from one of the two EPSPShomoeologs present in tetraploid GR B. subalternans.

CONCLUSION

This is the first report of a TIPT double mutation conferring high levels of glyphosate resistance in a weed species. The presence of both wild‐type and TIPT mutant EPSPS on the polyploid genome of GR B. subalternans may offset a potential fitness cost, requiring additional research to confirm the absence of deleterious effects.

Lamego, F. P. ; Vidal, R. A. ; Burgos, N. R.. 2011. Competitiveness of ALS inhibitors resistant and susceptible biotypes of Greater Beggarticks (Bidens subalternans). Planta Daninha 29 : 457 - 464.

The continuous use of ALS-inhibiting herbicides has led to the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds worldwide. Greater beggarticks is one of the most troublesome weeds found in the soybean production system in Brazil. Recently, a greater beggarticks biotype that is resistant (R) to ALS inhibitors due to Trp₅₇₄Leu mutation in the ALS gene was identified. Also, the adaptive traits between susceptible (S) and R to ALS inhibitors biotypes of greater beggarticks were compared. Specifically, we aimed to: (1) evaluate and compare the relative growth rates (RGR) between the biotypes; (2) analyze the seed germination characteristics of R and S biotypes under different temperature conditions; and (3) evaluate their competitive ability in a replacement series study. The experiments were conducted at the University of Arkansas, USA, in 2007 and at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul), Brazil, in 2008. Plant proportions for replacement series studies were respectively 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100, with a total population of 150 plants m^-2. There was no difference in RGR between R and S biotypes. The R-biotype germination rate was lower than that of the S biotype. However, at low temperature conditions (15°C), the reverse was observed. In general, there is no difference in the competitive ability between R and S greater beggarticks biotypes..

Vidal, R. A. ; Hernandes, G. C. ; Winkler, L. M. ; Federizzi, L. C. ; Silva, P. R. da. 2006. Relation between geographic distance and genetic variability within a population of Bidens spp. with resistance to ALS inhibitors. Planta Daninha 24 : 149 - 155.

Weed species present high genetic variability among plants within a population and show potential to adapt to control tactics. Seeds of Bidens spp. (BIDSS) were collected in a 60-ha rectangular area in a property located in Almirante Tamandare do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with suspected acetolactate synthase (ALS) resistance, and cultivated with soyabean for approximately 20 years. This work was conducted to evaluate the genetic variability of accessions of Bidens spp. collected in only one property, to verify resistance dispersion and to determine the relation between the coefficient of genetic similarity and the geographic distance among accessions of the same population. The area was divided into 100 geo-referenced points of seed samplings, among which only 40 points had BIDSS plants. These seeds had been placed in 300-ml plastic pots and when the seedlings presented two leaves, they were sprayed with chlorimuron at 200 g/ha for resistance confirmation. DNA extraction was conducted, and 20 plants from each sampled site were used for the formation of DNA bulk. The BIDSS accessions presented great genetic variability within the population. RAPD analysis did not allow the separation of the species Bidens pilosa and Bidens subalternans. The resistance to the ALS inhibitors was spread in all the sampled area inside the property. No relation was verified between geographic distance and genetic similarity, suggesting no founder effect occurred in the area..

López-Ovejero, R. F. ; Carvalho, S. J. P. de ; Nicolai, M. ; Abreu, A. G. ; Grombone-Guaratini, M. T. ; Toledo, R. E. B. ; Christoffoleti, P. J.. 2006. Resistance and differential susceptibility of Bidens pilosa and B. subalternans biotypes to ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Scientia Agricola 63 : 139 - 145.

The frequent application of herbicides in agricultural areas may select resistant biotypes in weed populations, whose biological characteristics influence the speed and patterns of resistance. This research aimed to characterize, simultaneously, the resistance patterns and differential susceptibility of B. pilosa and B. subalternans biotypes to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides of the imidazolinone and sulfonylurea chemical groups. Six hairy beggarticks biotypes, four suspected resistant and two known susceptible, were treated with eight rates of chlorimuron-ethyl or imazethapyr in greenhouse conditions. The rates applied were multiple values of the recommended rate (R) for each herbicide (15.5 g/ha for chlorimuron-ethyl and 100.0 g/ha for imazethapyr): 0.0, 0.06, 0.125, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 16.0R. Percentage control and percentage fresh weight of the plants were evaluated at 28 days after the application. B. subalternans was less susceptible to ALS-inhibiting herbicides than B. pilosa. B. subalternans biotypes were more resistant than B. pilosa biotypes. There were B. pilosa and B. subalternans biotypes with cross resistance to the ALS-inhibiting herbicides of the sulfonylurea and imidazolinone groups. There were different patterns of cross resistance to the diverse groups of ALS-inhibiting herbicides..

Carvalho, S. J. P. ; López-Ovejero, R. F. ; Moysés, T. C. ; Chamma, H. M. C. P. ; Christoffoleti, P. J.. 2004. Identification of Bidens spp. biotypes resistant to ALS-inhibiting herbicides through germinative test. Planta Daninha 22 : 411 - 417.

Bidens pilosa and B. subalternans populations resistant to ALS-inhibiting herbicides have been reported in different soyabean areas in Brazil. This research aimed to develop a methodology to identify Bidens spp. biotypes resistant to ALS-inhibiting herbicides through germinative tests in herbicide solutions. The work was divided into three phases consisting of independent experiments. The first phase consisted of dose-response curves prepared for a susceptible biotype of Bidens spp. germinated in solutions of four preemergence herbicides (flumetsulam, diclosulam, imazaquin and metribuzin). The objective of this phase was to select the herbicides best adapted to the methodology, by using the following rates: 2C, 1C, 1/2C, 1/4C, 1/8C, 1/16C, 1/32C, 1/64C and water (where C=recommended rate). The second phase consisted of dose-response curves prepared for the herbicides selected in the first phase (imazaquin and metribuzin) using a resistant biotype, to identify the dose providing the largest response range between the biotypes. The third phase consisted of a comparative test between three resistant and one susceptible biotypes, exposed to germination in the solutions of the herbicides chosen in the first phase, applying the doses chosen in the second phase. The resistant Bidens spp. biotypes demonstrated a better capacity to develop roots in imazaquin herbicide solution (87 mg/litre), than the susceptible biotype, a fact that proves the applicability of the method. The methodology applied to identify Bidens spp. resistant biotypes through germinative tests in herbicide solution is a fast and efficient alternative for biotype identification..

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