<b>HRAC Group 4</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy O) </font> resistant Galium aparine from Iran

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 4 (LEGACY O) RESISTANT CATCHWEED BEDSTRAW
(Galium aparine)

Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Iran, Kermanshah province

INTRODUCTION		CATCHWEED BEDSTRAW
Catchweed Bedstraw (Galium aparine) is a dicot weed in the Rubiaceae family. In Iran this weed first evolved resistance to Group 4 (Legacy O) herbicides in 2016 and infests Wheat. Group 4 (Legacy O) herbicides are known as Auxin Mimics (Auxin Mimics ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to 2,4-D, and MCPA and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 4 (Legacy O) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Jun 28, 2017 )
Common Name	Catchweed Bedstraw
Species	Galium aparine
Group	Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)
Herbicides	2,4-D, and MCPA
Location	Iran, Kermanshah province
Year	2016
Situation(s)	Wheat
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Bhagirath Chauhan, Iraj Nosratti, Peyman Sabeti, and Farhad Sharifi
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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Catchweed Bedstraw biotype with this Catchweed Bedstraw biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 4 resistant Catchweed Bedstraw have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 4 (Legacy O) resistant Catchweed Bedstraw from Iran please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

BHAGIRATH CHAUHAN

Principal Research Fellow & Weed Team Leader The University of Queensland Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation Room 125, Building 8103 Post Box 1218 Gatton, 4343, Queensland Australia Email Bhagirath Chauhan Web : Web Site Link

IRAJ NOSRATTI

Assistant Professor Razi University Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding Fac. of Science and Ag Engineering Tazeh Abad Kermanshah, 67149-67346, Kermanshah Province Iran Email Iraj Nosratti Web : Web Site Link

PEYMAN SABETI

Weed Researcher Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources and Education Center Plant Protection Research Department Kermanshah Keshavarz Blvd. Kermanshah, 67158483333, Kermanshah Iran Email Peyman Sabeti Web : Web Site Link

FARHAD SHARIFI

Manager of Plant Protection Organization of Kermanshah Plant Protection Organization,Organization of Agriculture Jahad Kermanshah, Iran Plant Protection Organization of Kermanshah Kermanshah Keshavarz Blvd. Kermanshah, 4833167158, Kermanshah Iran Email Farhad Sharifi Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Iran have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Bhagirath Chauhan, Iraj Nosratti, Peyman Sabeti, and Farhad Sharifi for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Catchweed Bedstraw Globally
(Galium aparine)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

China

2007

Winter wheat

tribenuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

China

2014

Wheat

fluroxypyr

Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Iran

2016

Wheat

2,4-D, and MCPA

Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Iran

2017

Wheat

tribenuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Iran

2017

Wheat

2,4-D, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, MCPA, mesosulfuron-methyl, sulfosulfuron, and tribenuron-methyl

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Turkey

2008

Winter wheat

chlorsulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, thifensulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron, and tribenuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Deng, W., Y. Di, J. Cai, Y. Chen, and S. Yuan. 2019. Target-site resistance mechanisms to tribenuron-methyl and cross-resistance patterns to ALS-inhibiting herbicides of catchweed bedstraw (Galium aparine) with different ALS mutations.. Weed Science 67 : 183 - 188.

Catchweed bedstraw (Galium aparine L.) is a problematic dicot weed that occurs in major winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fields in China. Tribenuron-methyl has been widely used to control broadleaf weeds since 1988 in China. However, overuse has led to the resistance evolution of G. aparine to tribenuron-methyl. In this study, 20 G. aparine populations collected from Shandong and Henan provinces were used to determine tribenuron-methyl resistance and target-site resistance mechanisms. In dose–response experiments, 12 G. aparine populations showed different resistance levels (2.92 to 842.41-fold) to tribenuron-methyl compared with the susceptible population. Five different acetolactate synthase (ALS) mutations (Pro-197-Leu, Pro- 197-Ser, Pro-197-His, Asp-376-Glu, and Trp-574-Leu) were detected in different resistant populations. Individuals heterozygous for Pro-197-Ser and Trp-574-Leu mutations were also observed in a resistant population (HN6). In addition, pHB4 (Pro-197-Ser), pHB7 (Pro-197- His), pHB8 (Pro-197-Leu), pHB5 (Asp-376-Glu), and pHB3 (Trp-574-Leu) subpopulations individually homozygous for specific ALS mutations were generated to evaluate the cross- resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides. The pHB4, pHB7, pHB8, pHB5, and pHB3 subpopulations all were resistant to sulfonylurea, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, triazolopyrimidine, flumetsulam, sulfonylamino-carbonyl-triazolinone, flucarbazone-sodium, pyrimidinyl thio- benzoate, pyribenzoxim, and the imidazolinone imazethapyr. These results indicated the diversity of the resistance-conferring ALS mutations in G. aparine, and all these mutations resulted in broad cross-resistance to five kinds of ALS-inhibiting herbicides..

Zhang, L. L., Q. Li, W. L. Guo, W. Li, and J. X. Wang. 2016. Molecular mechanism of Galium aparine resistance to tribenuron-methyl. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 32 : 110 - 113.

In recent years,the tribenuron-methylin resistant Galium aparine was serious throughout HenanProvince,and common dose of tribenuron-methyl cannot control Galium aparine any more.The objective ofthis study is to understand the molecular mechanism of the Galium aparine resistance to tribenuron-methyl.Through total DNA extraction,ALS clone and sequencing,the authors found the specific mutation sites inamino acid sequence of acetolactate synthase(ALS) in the resistant biotype of Galium aparine.Compared withthe susceptible biotype,there were three types of amino acid substitutions in the resistant biotypes,of which,the amino acid substitution of Pro197(CCC) to Thr(ACC) and Pro197(CCC) to Leu(CTC) were located in thehighly conserved region Domain A,Thr 457(ACC) to Ser(TCC) in the non-conservative region.Thesubstitution of Pro197 might be the reason for the resistance in the R-biotype of Galium aparine to tribenuron-methyl..

H. Mennan, E. Kaya-Altop, S. Rasa, J.C. Streibig, D. Yatmaz, U. Budak, D. Sariaslan. 2013. Resistance to ACCase and ALS inhibiting herbicides in cereals in Turkey; What have we learned?. EWRS 16th SYMPOSIUM, Samsun 2013 : .

The herbicides are very effective tools for controlling weeds but their extensive use over time has resulted in evaluation of weed resistance to herbicides with different modes of action. ACCase and ALS inhibiting herbicides have been used extensively in winter wheat and rice fields to control grass and broadleaved weeds since last two decades in Turkey. Recently, many growers in various area of Turkey complained for reduced control ofBifora radiansandGalium aparinein winter cereals, andEchinochloa spp., andCyperus difformisin water seeding rice after use of ALS and ACCase inhibitor herbicides. Therefore, the aim of this study are to understand the occurrence and frequency of resistant biotypes of these species to ACCase and ALS inhibiting herbicides; does the mechanism of resistance are target site (TSR) or non-target site resistance (NTSR), risk assessment of herbicides history in evaluation of resistance and how crop rotation reduce selection for resistance? Forty-three rice fields were sampled randomly in 2005 to confirm the existence of cross and multiple herbicide resistance ofE. oryzoides,E. crus-galliandC. difformisinvolving ALS (penoxsulam, bispyribac-sodium) and ACCase Inhibitor (cyhalofob-butyl). The same and more fields re-sampled in 2011. In addition to that, greenhouse experiments were conducted from 1995 to 2011 to monitor possible resistance populations of B. radians andG. aparineto ALS inhibitor (chlorsulfuron and tribenuron-methyl) sampled from 13 winter wheat fields. A log-logistic dose-response curve was fitted to greenhouse data ofE. oryzoidesto obtain ED₉₀. On the basis of those data, resistance to ALS inhibitors was detected in 2 accessions in 2005. On the other hand, allE. oryzoidesaccessions were susceptible to ACCase Inhibitor in the same year. The effective dose response level of ED₉₀resulted in 36 and 9 resistant accessions to ALS and ACCase, respectively after re-sampling from same fields in 2011. Most of E. crus-galli accessions were effectively controlled with penoxsulam and cyhalofob-butyl in 2005. But, 4 accessions did not controlled with bispyribac-sodium and these accessions were characterized as resistant. The number of resistant accession significantly increased in 2011 and reached almost 75% in both inhibitors. Of the 43 C. difformis populations tested, 11 survived after treatments of penoxsulam and bispyribac-sodium in 2005. But, the application of four times recommended rate of these herbicides resulted only 3-5% fresh weight reduction of 40 C. difformis populations in 2011. The remaining 3 population with no evidence of penoxsulam and bispyribac-sodium resistance were controlled with almost double dose of these herbicides. A significant proportion of the populations in all species were found to be non-target site resistant..

Mennan, H. ; Streibig, J. C. ; Ngouajio, M. ; Cankaya, S.. 2011. Response of two catchweed bedstraw (Galium aparine) populations to post-emergence herbicides in winter wheat. International Journal of Pest Management 57 : 347 - 356.

Catchweed bedstraw causes severe problems in winter wheat and other winter sown crops. Field experiments were conducted from 2005 to 2008 in wheat fields in Samsun, Turkey, to determine: (1) the response of catchweed bedstraw to chlorsulfuron, tribenuron-methyl plus thifensulfuronmethyl, dicamba plus triasulfuron and mesosulfuron-methyl plus iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium; and (2) possible resistance or tolerance to these herbicides. The herbicides were applied at the 2-4, 4-6, and 6-8 true leaf stages of biomass, there were large differences among the upper limits of the dose-response curves, and consequently, the actual response curve, an asymmetric sigmoid curve, was fitted to data to obtain 50% and 90% effective dose, ED₅₀ and ED₉₀, values. None of the herbicides reduced catchweed bedstraw biomass or populations satisfactorily when applied at the recommended field rate. Twice the recommended field rate was required to achieve acceptable reduction in biomass. Overall, inadequate control of this weed cannot be solely attributed to either acetolactate synthase (ALS) resistance or improper application methods. It is likely due to a slow and progressive development of ALS-tolerant populations after many years of consecutive use..

Sun Jian ; Wang JinXin ; Zhang HongJun ; Liu JunLiang ; Bian ShengNan. 2011. Study on mutations in ALS for resistance to tribenuron-methyl in Galium aparine L. Agricultural Sciences in China 10 : 86 - 91.

In recent years, Galium aparine L. has not been controlled by tribenuron-methyl in major Chinese winter wheat fields. The objective of this study is to understand the molecular basis of the resistance mechanism to tribenuron-methyl in G. aparine and to find the specific mutation sites in amino acid sequence of acetolactate synthase (ALS) in the resistant biotype of G. aparine. Fragments that encode the ALS were amplified and cloned from susceptible (S) and resistant (R) biotypes of G. aparine to tribenuron-methyl and sequenced subsequently. The result showed that the nucleotide sequence of R-biotype of G. aparine differed from that of the S biotype with three amino acid substitutions, of which, the amino acid substitution of Trp₅₇₄ (TGG) to Gly (GGG) is located in the highly conserved region Domain B. The substitution of Trp₅₇₄ might be responsible for the resistance to tribenuron-methyl in the R-biotype of G. aparine..

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