<b>HRAC Group 1</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy A) </font> resistant Sorghum bicolor ssp. drummondii (=Sorghum sudanese) from Bolivia

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 1 (LEGACY A) RESISTANT SUDANGRASS
(Sorghum bicolor ssp. drummondii (=Sorghum sudanese))

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

Bolivia, Santa Cruz

INTRODUCTION		SUDANGRASS
Sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor ssp. drummondii (=Sorghum sudanese)) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In Bolivia this weed first evolved resistance to Group 1 (Legacy A) herbicides in 1999 and infests Soybean. Group 1 (Legacy A) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to fenoxaprop-ethyl, fluazifop-butyl, haloxyfop-methyl, and quizalofop-ethyl and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 1 (Legacy A) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Dec 21, 2000 )
Common Name	Sudangrass
Species	Sorghum bicolor ssp. drummondii (=Sorghum sudanese)
Group	Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Herbicides	fenoxaprop-ethyl, fluazifop-butyl, haloxyfop-methyl, and quizalofop-ethyl
Location	Bolivia, Santa Cruz
Year	1999
Situation(s)	Soybean
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Pablo Franco
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Pablo Franco

Provincias: Obispo Santiesteba, Sara y Chiquitos

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GENERAL

Pablo Franco

This annual grass has relative tolerance to pendimethalin, clomazone, and acetochlor. With Eriochloa punctata it is the most predominant grass weed in soyabean, maize, and sugar cane. It has a wider range of adaptation compared to Eriochloa punctata.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Sudangrass biotype with this Sudangrass biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 1 resistant Sudangrass have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 1 (Legacy A) resistant Sudangrass from Bolivia please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

PABLO FRANCO

BASF Bolivia Research and Development Av. San Martin No 1800 of 302 Santa Cruz, de la sierra 237, Santa Cruz Bolivia Email Pablo Franco

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Bolivia have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Pablo Franco for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Sudangrass Globally
(Sorghum bicolor ssp. drummondii (=Sorghum sudanese))

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Bolivia

1999

Soybean

fenoxaprop-ethyl, fluazifop-butyl, haloxyfop-methyl, and quizalofop-ethyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Uddin, M. R. ; Park SangUn ; Dayan, F. E. ; Pyon JongYeong. 2014. Herbicidal activity of formulated sorgoleone, a natural product of sorghum root exudate. Pest Management Science 70 : 252 - 257.

Background: The allelochemical sorgoleone, a major component of the hydrophobic root exudates of Sorghum bicolor, was formulated as a wettable powder [4.6 WP] and evaluated as a natural herbicide on several weed and crop species under different growth conditions. Results: Formulated sorgoleone [4.6 WP] suppressed germination and shoot growth of weeds, with broadleaf species showing greater susceptibility than grass weed species. Germination and growth of broadleaf weed species were completely suppressed (100%) at 0.2 g a.i. L^-1 sorgoleone in a growth chamber study. Post-emergence applications of the wettable formulation of sorgoleone [4.6 WP] inhibited 20-25% higher growth of weeds than pre-emergence applications under greenhouse conditions. Broadleaf weeds were more susceptible than grass species to both methods of application. In all studies, growth was suppressed in more than 90% of the broadleaf weeds and two species, in particular, Rumex japonicus and Plantago asiatica, were completely suppressed at 0.4 kg a.i. ha^-1 sorgoleone. The crop species, on the other hand, were much more tolerant to sorgoleone, with 30% inhibition, at most, at the highest rate of 0.4 kg a.i. ha^-1 sorgoleone. Conclusion: The results of this study reveal that sorgoleone, after formulation as a WP, is more effective in inhibiting weed growth, and crop species are tolerant to it. The strong weed suppressive ability of formulated sorgoleone therefore offers interesting possibilities as an effective natural environment-friendly approach for weed management..

Asfaw Adugna ; Endashaw Bekele. 2013. Morphology and fitness components of wild × crop F₁ hybrids of Sorghum bicolor (L.) in Ethiopia: implications for survival and introgression of crop genes in the wild pool. Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 11 : 196 - 205.

Natural hybridization between wild/weedy and crop species often results in rare hybrids, which can be more weedy and difficult to control. Moreover, the advent of transgenic crop plants raises questions of biosafety risk assessment on the consequences of rare hybrids with possible fitness enhancing genes on the environment. This study aimed at measuring the fitness components of wild-crop sorghum hybrids for various juvenile survival and adult morphological and fertility characters as part of the risk assessment of transgenic sorghum in Africa where the crop was believed to have first domesticated and serves as the major staple. Out of a pool of hybrids made in 2010 from 23 wild sorghum accessions and two released cultivated sorghum varieties using hand emasculation techniques, seven were selected for the field study of their fitness components in 2011. The study confirmed that crop-wild hybrids of sorghum are fertile. Two approaches were followed (relative fitness and mid-parent heterosis) which showed that most of the hybrids were as fit as their wild parents, and in some cases they showed mid-parent heterosis for the measured traits. The results of this study highlighted a potential risk that hybrids carrying crop genes (including herbicide resistance transgenes) could pose because they could be more weedy than their wild/weedy parents if transgenic sorghum is deployed in regions where the wild and cultivated sorghum populations coexist, such as in Ethiopia and in other parts of Africa..

Fernández, L. ; Haro, L. A. de ; Distefano, A. J. ; Martínez, M. C. ; Lía, V. ; Papa, J. C. ; Olea, I. ; Tosto, D. ; Hopp, H. E.. 2013. Population genetics structure of glyphosate-resistant Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense L. Pers) does not support a single origin of the resistance. Ecology and Evolution 3 : 3388 - 3400.

Single sequence repeats (SSR) developed for Sorghum bicolor were used to characterize the genetic distance of 46 different Sorghum halepense (Johnsongrass) accessions from Argentina some of which have evolved toward glyphosate resistance. Since Johnsongrass is an allotetraploid and only one subgenome is homologous to cultivated sorghum, some SSR loci amplified up to two alleles while others (presumably more conserved loci) amplified up to four alleles. Twelve SSR providing information of 24 loci representative of Johnsongrass genome were selected for genetic distance characterization. All of them were highly polymorphic, which was evidenced by the number of different alleles found in the samples studied, in some of them up to 20. UPGMA and Mantel analysis showed that Johnsongrass glyphosate-resistant accessions that belong to different geographic regions do not share similar genetic backgrounds. In contrast, they show closer similarity to their neighboring susceptible counterparts. Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components using the clusters identified by K-means support the lack of a clear pattern of association among samples and resistance status or province of origin. Consequently, these results do not support a single genetic origin of glyphosate resistance. Nucleotide sequencing of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) encoding gene from glyphosate-resistant and susceptible accessions collected from different geographic origins showed that none presented expected mutations in aminoacid positions 101 and 106 which are diagnostic of target-site resistance mechanism..

Li Gang ; Wang QiAng ; Cai LeiMing ; Wu ShengGan ; Zhao XuePing ; Wu ChangXing. 2013. Cloning and expression of quinclorac-induced transcriptal factor EcMYB1 in Echinochloa crus-galli. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology 21 : 1166 - 1175.

Echinochloa crus-galli is one of the most noxious grass weeds in Chinese rice paddies, which has evolved resistance to quinclorac after continuous application since 1990. But little is known about its resistance mechanism. In order to explore the mechanism involved, we described isolation and mRNA expression of a quinclorac-responsive gene MYB in E. crus-galli. Transcriptal factor MYBs played important roles in regulating plant growth and development and withstanding environmental stresses. But, little is known about expression profile of MYBs mRNA in herbicide-resistant barnyardgrass (E. crus-galli) under quinclorac stress. Ahomologue sequence of MYB was obtained from quinclora-resistant-identified E. crus-galli using RACE(rapid amplification of cDNA ends). The gene, designated EcMYB1 (GenBank accession number: JX518599) with whole length 1 844 bp, had a 1 527 bp open reading frame predicted to encode a protein of 508 amino acids with molecular weight 55.4 kD and isoelectric point 8.6. The predicted EcMYB1 contained three conserved MYB domains that make the EcMYB1 belong to the R1R2R3 gene family which was not common in plants. Based on phylogenic analysis of protein sequence between EcMYB1 and others MYB, EcMYB1 had the closest relationship with the MYBs of gramineous plants, such as Sorghum bicolor, Zea mays. The result of whole-plant dose-response experiments demonstrated that the near iso-genicline material used in this study was susceptible or resistant to quinclorac. The GR₅₀ (for 50% growth reduction) was 158.3 g.AI/hm² for quinclorac-susceptible (S) biotypes or 858.0 g.AI/hm² for quinclorac-resistant (R) biotypes. Ratios (R/S) of GR₅₀ value was 5.4. EcMYB1 transcriptional expression was monitored in seedlings (leaves and roots) and adult plants (leaves, roots, stems and seeds) of R and S biotypes of E. crus-galli through Real-time PCR experiment with EcActin (GenBank accession number: HQ395760) as the reference sequence. The relative expression of EcMYB1 in transcriptional level was 26.22~52.50 in R biotypes and 6.85~34.62 in S biotypes, such as 52.50 in leaves of seedling of R biotypes and 6.85 in leaves of S adult biotypes, and 1.22~4.78 times greater in the R plants than that in the S plants. After exposure to quinclorac, its increased relative expression was 189.66~395.45 in R biotypes and 61.91~144.29 in S biotypes, such as 395.45 in roots of seedling of R biotypes and 61.91 in stems of S adult biotypes, and 2.46~4.06 times greater in the R plants than that in the S plants. Its expression was higher in all tissues tested of R biotypes than in that of S plants before or after quinclorac treatment. The difference expression of EcMYB1 mRNA in R and S biotypes suggested that EcMYB1 maybe involve in resistance to quinclorac in E. crus-galli. The results of this study provide basic information for the further research of function of the EcMYB1 in resistance to quinclorac in barnyardgrass..

Kershner, K. S. ; Al-Khatib, K. ; Krothapalli, K. ; Tuinstra, M. R.. 2012. Genetic resistance to acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase-inhibiting herbicides in grain sorghum. Crop Science 52 : 64 - 73.

Weed management is one of the most important considerations impacting sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production in the United States today. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the level of resistance, type of inheritance, and causal mutation of wild sorghum accessions that are resistant to acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides compared to susceptible grain sorghum seed parents. Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase-inhibiting herbicides used in this study were fluazifop-P and quizalofop-P from the aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP) family and clethodim and sethoxydim from the cyclohexanedione (CHD) family. Dose-response studies indicated the level of resistance was very high for APP herbicides but low to nonexistent for CHD herbicides. Estimates of the resistance factors to APP herbicides based on herbicide rate required for 50% growth reduction (GR₅₀) were 54 to 64 for homozygous plants and 9 to 19 for heterozygous plants. Resistance to CHD herbicides was very low with resistance factors ranging from one to about five. Genetic segregation studies indicated a single gene is the cause of resistance to APP herbicides. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons from the carboxyl transferase (CT) domain of the chloroplast directed ACCase gene were sequenced and a single point mutation that results in a cysteine replacing tryptophan (conversion from tryptophan at amino acid position 2027 to cysteine [Trp-2027-Cys]) was discovered. Given the high level of herbicide resistance and simple inheritance, these sources of APP resistance may provide useful herbicide resistance traits for use in sorghum..

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