<b>HRAC Group 2</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy B) </font> resistant Bifora radians from Turkey

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT WILD BISHOP
(Bifora radians)

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Turkey, Middle Anatolia and Black Sea

INTRODUCTION		WILD BISHOP
Wild Bishop (Bifora radians) is a dicot weed in the Apiaceae family. In Turkey this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 2008 and infests Winter wheat. Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to chlorsulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, thifensulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron, and tribenuron-methyl and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Jan 29, 2015 )
Common Name	Wild Bishop
Species	Bifora radians
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicides	chlorsulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, thifensulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron, and tribenuron-methyl
Location	Turkey, Middle Anatolia and Black Sea
Year	2008
Situation(s)	Winter wheat
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Emine Kaya Altop, and Hüsrev Mennan
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Hüsrev Mennan

Tolerance of two Bifora radians Bieb populations to ALS inhibitors in winter wheat. 2011. Husrev Mennan, Jens C Streibig, Mathieu Ngouajioc and Emine Kaya. Pest Manag Sci 2012; 68: 116–122.

Full Paper in PDF: http://www.weedscience.org/Documents/ShowDocuments.aspx?DocumentID=1352

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field trials comparing a known susceptible Wild Bishop biotype with this Wild Bishop biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant Wild Bishop have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Wild Bishop from Turkey please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

EMINE KAYA ALTOP

Weed Scientist Ondokuz Mayis University Department Of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture Samsun, 55139, Kurupelit/Samsun Turkey Email Emine Kaya Altop

HÜSREV MENNAN

Prof. Dr. University Of Ondokuzmayýs Department Of Plant Protection Atakum Samsun, 55319, Kurupelit/Samsun Turkey Email Hüsrev Mennan

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Turkey have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Emine Kaya Altop, and Hüsrev Mennan for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Wild Bishop Globally
(Bifora radians)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Turkey

2008

Winter wheat

chlorsulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, thifensulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron, and tribenuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Literature about Similar Cases

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H. Mennan, E. Kaya-Altop, S. Rasa, J.C. Streibig, D. Yatmaz, U. Budak, D. Sariaslan. 2013. Resistance to ACCase and ALS inhibiting herbicides in cereals in Turkey; What have we learned?. EWRS 16th SYMPOSIUM, Samsun 2013 : .

The herbicides are very effective tools for controlling weeds but their extensive use over time has resulted in evaluation of weed resistance to herbicides with different modes of action. ACCase and ALS inhibiting herbicides have been used extensively in winter wheat and rice fields to control grass and broadleaved weeds since last two decades in Turkey. Recently, many growers in various area of Turkey complained for reduced control ofBifora radiansandGalium aparinein winter cereals, andEchinochloa spp., andCyperus difformisin water seeding rice after use of ALS and ACCase inhibitor herbicides. Therefore, the aim of this study are to understand the occurrence and frequency of resistant biotypes of these species to ACCase and ALS inhibiting herbicides; does the mechanism of resistance are target site (TSR) or non-target site resistance (NTSR), risk assessment of herbicides history in evaluation of resistance and how crop rotation reduce selection for resistance? Forty-three rice fields were sampled randomly in 2005 to confirm the existence of cross and multiple herbicide resistance ofE. oryzoides,E. crus-galliandC. difformisinvolving ALS (penoxsulam, bispyribac-sodium) and ACCase Inhibitor (cyhalofob-butyl). The same and more fields re-sampled in 2011. In addition to that, greenhouse experiments were conducted from 1995 to 2011 to monitor possible resistance populations of B. radians andG. aparineto ALS inhibitor (chlorsulfuron and tribenuron-methyl) sampled from 13 winter wheat fields. A log-logistic dose-response curve was fitted to greenhouse data ofE. oryzoidesto obtain ED₉₀. On the basis of those data, resistance to ALS inhibitors was detected in 2 accessions in 2005. On the other hand, allE. oryzoidesaccessions were susceptible to ACCase Inhibitor in the same year. The effective dose response level of ED₉₀resulted in 36 and 9 resistant accessions to ALS and ACCase, respectively after re-sampling from same fields in 2011. Most of E. crus-galli accessions were effectively controlled with penoxsulam and cyhalofob-butyl in 2005. But, 4 accessions did not controlled with bispyribac-sodium and these accessions were characterized as resistant. The number of resistant accession significantly increased in 2011 and reached almost 75% in both inhibitors. Of the 43 C. difformis populations tested, 11 survived after treatments of penoxsulam and bispyribac-sodium in 2005. But, the application of four times recommended rate of these herbicides resulted only 3-5% fresh weight reduction of 40 C. difformis populations in 2011. The remaining 3 population with no evidence of penoxsulam and bispyribac-sodium resistance were controlled with almost double dose of these herbicides. A significant proportion of the populations in all species were found to be non-target site resistant..

Mennan, H.. 2003. The effects of depth and duration of burial on seasonal germination, dormancy and viability of Galium aparine and Bifora radians seeds. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 189 : 304 - 309.

The effects of depth and duration of burial on seasonal germination, primary/secondary dormancy, and viability of Galium aparine and Bifora radians were studied in two experiments. The seeds of both species were buried at different depths with four replications in a split-plot design in the first experiment. The seeds were exhumed from the field at monthly intervals and germinated under suitable temperature conditions. In the second experiment, the seeds of both species were stored at 20 °C and 50% relative humidity after harvest. Four replicates of seeds from each species were adjusted for germination tests at monthly intervals. Non-germinated seeds of either the first or the second experiment were treated with triphenyltetrazolium chloride in order to enhance the viability of seeds at monthly intervals until the end of the experiment. The seeds of G. aparine showed cyclic behaviour in the burial experiment. The germination percentage of B. radians seeds never exceeded 8% at all depths until 7 months after burial due to primary dormancy. Thereafter, the seeds showed typical cyclic behaviour with modest deviation. In both the species, the depth of burial strongly affected seed viability. In the dry storage conditions, the seeds of G. aparine and B. radians showed a high level of primary dormancy. The percentage viability of seeds declined depending on the duration of storage..

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