<b>HRAC Group 2</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy B) </font> resistant Lithospermum arvense from China

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT CORN GROMWELL
(Lithospermum arvense)

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

China, Henan Province

INTRODUCTION		CORN GROMWELL
Corn Gromwell (Lithospermum arvense) is a dicot weed in the Boraginaceae family. In China this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 2019 and infests Wheat. Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to florasulam, imazethapyr, pyrithiobac-sodium, pyroxsulam, and tribenuron-methyl and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Aug 05, 2019 )
Common Name	Corn Gromwell
Species	Lithospermum arvense
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicides	florasulam, imazethapyr, pyrithiobac-sodium, pyroxsulam, and tribenuron-methyl
Location	China, Henan Province
Year	2019
Situation(s)	Wheat
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Jinxin Wang
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Jinxin Wang

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology (2019) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.04.001

A Trp-574-Leu mutation in the acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene of Lithospermum arvense L. confers broad-spectrum resistance to ALS inhibitors

Qian Wang^a^,^b, Lu'an Ge^a^,^b, Ning Zhao^a^,^b, Lele Zhang^c, Ludan You^a^,^b, Dandan Wang^a^,^b, Weitang Liu^a^,^b^,^⁎, Jinxin Wang^a^,^b^,^⁎ ^aCollege of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China ^bKey Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China ^cAdministration Bureau of the Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve, Dongying 257091, Shandong, China

Lithospermum arvense is a troublesome dicotyledonous winter annual weed of wheat in China. A L. arvense population (HN01) suspected of being resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors was found in Henan Province, China. This study aimed to testify the sensitivity of this HN01 population to eight herbicides from 3 different modes of action, and to explore the potential target-site-resistance mechanism to tribenuron-methyl. The whole-plant bioassays indicated that the population was highly resistant to tribenuron-methyl (SU, 350-fold), pyrithiobac sodium (PTB, 151-fold), pyroxsulam (TP, 62.7-fold), florasulam (TP, 80.6-fold), and imazethapyr (IMI, 136-fold), but was sensitive to carfentrazone-ethyl and fluroxypyr-meptyl. ALS gene sequencing revealed that the Trp (TGG) was substituted by Leu (TTG) at codon 574 in resistant plants. In in vitro ALS assays, the concentration of tribenuron-methyl required to inhibit 50% ALS activity (I₅₀) for HN01 was 117-fold greater than that required to inhibit a susceptible population (HN05), indicating that resistance was due to reduced sensitivity of the ALS enzyme to tribenuron-methyl. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of ALS gene Trp-574-Leu amino acid mutation confer resistance to tribenuron-methyl in L. arvense.

^⁎Corresponding authors at: College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China. E-mail addresses: liuwt@sdau.edu.cn (W. Liu), wangjx@sdau.edu.cn (J. Wang). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.04.001

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Corn Gromwell biotype with this Corn Gromwell biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant Corn Gromwell have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Corn Gromwell from China indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Corn Gromwell from China please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

JINXIN WANG

Professor Shandong Agricultural University College Of Plant Protection Daizong Road 61# Tai'an, 271018, Shandong China Email Jinxin Wang

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in China have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Jinxin Wang for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Corn Gromwell Globally
(Lithospermum arvense)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

China

2019

Wheat

florasulam, imazethapyr, pyrithiobac-sodium, pyroxsulam, and tribenuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Wang, Q., L. Ge, L. Zhang, L. You, D. Wang, W. Liu, and J. Wang. 2019. A Trp-574-Leu mutation in the acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene of Lithospermum arvense L. confers broad-spectrum resistance to ALS inhibitors. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 158 : 12 - 17.

Lithospermum arvense is a troublesome dicotyledonous winter annual weed of wheat in China. A L. arvense population (HN01) suspected of being resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors was found in Henan Province, China. This study aimed to testify the sensitivity of this HN01 population to eight herbicides from 3 different modes of action, and to explore the potential target-site-resistance mechanism to tribenuron-methyl. The whole-plant bioassays indicated that the population was highly resistant to tribenuron-methyl (SU, 350- fold), pyrithiobac sodium (PTB, 151-fold), pyroxsulam (TP, 62.7-fold), florasulam (TP, 80.6-fold), and imazethapyr (IMI, 136-fold), but was sensitive to carfentrazone-ethyl and fluroxypyr-meptyl. ALS gene sequencing revealed that the Trp (TGG) was substituted by Leu (TTG) at codon 574 in resistant plants. In in vitro ALS assays, the concentration of tribenuron-methyl required to inhibit 50% ALS activity (I50) for HN01 was 117-fold greater than that required to inhibit a susceptible population (HN05), indicating that resistance was due to reduced sensitivity of the ALS enzyme to tribenuron-methyl. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of ALS gene Trp-574-Leu amino acid mutation confer resistance to tribenuron-methyl in L. arvense..

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