INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 1 (LEGACY A) RESISTANT BLACKGRASS
(Alopecurus myosuroides)


Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

France
INTRODUCTION BLACKGRASS
Blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family.  In France this weed first evolved resistance to Group 1 (Legacy A) herbicides in 1993 and infests Wheat.   Group 1 (Legacy A) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ).  Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to clodinafop-propargyl, cycloxydim, diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, haloxyfop-methyl, and sethoxydim and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 1 (Legacy A) herbicides.

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

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QUIK STATS (last updated Nov 10, 2012 )

Common NameBlackgrass
SpeciesAlopecurus myosuroides
GroupInhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Herbicidesclodinafop-propargyl, cycloxydim, diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, haloxyfop-methyl, and sethoxydim
LocationFrance
Year1993
Situation(s)Wheat
Contributors - (Alphabetically)Christophe Délye, and Jacques Gasquez 
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Jacques Gasquez
Almost everywhere in the area of the species, but mostly in the north of France.

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AREAS FOUND

Christophe Délye
This report does not concerns a given biotype, but is an overview of extensive black-grass sampling (more than 100 locations) in France in 2000.

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BIOASSAYS

Christophe Délye
Resistance diagnosis: via seed-based bioassay and PCR-based assays (target-site based resistance).

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GENERAL

Christophe Délye
seful references (sorry, could not upload some of them due to security access problems - just e-mail if interested) °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° C. Délye, É. Calmès et A. Matéjicek, 2002. SNP markers for black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) genotypes resistant to acetyl CoA-carboxylase inhibiting herbicides. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 104, 1114-1120. °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° C. Délye, A. Matéjicek et J. Gasquez, 2002. PCR-based detection of resistance to Acetyl-Co A carboxylase-inhibiting herbicides in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) and ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.). Pest Management Science 58, 474-478. °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° C. Délye, X.-Q. Zhang, C. Chalopin, S. Michel et S. B. Powles, 2003. An isoleucine residue within the carboxyl-transferase domain of multidomain acetyl-CoA carboxylase is a major determinant of sensitivity to aryloxyphenoxypropionate but not to cyclohexanedione inhibitors. Plant Physiology 132, 1716-1723. °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° C. Délye, C. Straub, A. Matéjicek et S. Michel, 2004. Multiple origins for black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) target site-based resistance to herbicides inhibiting acetyl-Co A carboxylase. Pest Management Science 60, 35-41. °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° A. Letouzé A, J. Gasquez J, 2003. Enhanced activity of several herbicide-degrading enzymes: a suggested mechanism responsible for multiple resistance in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) Agronomie 23, 601-608

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GENERAL

Jacques Gasquez
Comments: this resistance is regularly increasing since 1993 through an annual survey of our working group. We have now a lot of observations which allow us to say that there are several mechanisms of resistance : detoxification (perhaps several) target mutation these different mechanisms may appear in several populations, in several plants of a population or in the same plant. The estimate number of sites and acres infested correspond to 1997.

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MECHANISM

Christophe Délye
DETOXICATION-BASED RESISTANCE is under complex genetic determinism, involving both GST(s) and / or P450(s) TARGET-SITE BASED resistance is governed by several mutant alleles of ACCase. Two of them have been extensively studied, and PCR-based diagnosis assays developed. The two mutant alleles of ACCase confer distinct cross-resistance patterns. They are widespread among black-grass populations. Other alleles are currently studied.

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ONGOING RESEARCH

Christophe Délye
TARGET-BASED RESISTANCE: searching for new ACCase mutations conferring resistance, and developing molecular detection tools. SPREAD OF RESISTANCE: Population genetics studies using selected (ACCase-based) and neutral markers are on the way at the scale of a French Département to understand resistance gene flow within and between black-grass populations. METABOLISATION-BASED RESISTANCE: well, we are thinking about starting studying it, but it is quite a complex problem...

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Blackgrass biotype with this Blackgrass biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.
 
Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 1 resistant Blackgrass indicate that the inheritance is determined by a multigenic, dominant, nuclear trait.  There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature
 
Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group 1 (Legacy A) resistant Blackgrass from France indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site, and enhanced metabolism.  There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature
 
Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes.  If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 1 (Legacy A) resistant Blackgrass from France please update the database.
 
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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

CHRISTOPHE DÉLYE
Chargé de Recherches
INRA
Agroécologie
17 rue de Sully
Dijon, F-21000, Burgundy
France
Email Christophe Délye
Web   : Web Site Link
JACQUES GASQUEZ
Chargé de Recherches
Inra
Laboratoire De Malherbologie
702 Hickory Ct
Dijon, 21034, Cedex
France
Email Jacques Gasquez
Web   : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in France have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Christophe Délye, and Jacques Gasquez for providing detailed information.
Herbicide Resistant Blackgrass Globally
(Alopecurus myosuroides)
Herbicide Resistant Blackgrass Globally
(Alopecurus myosuroides)
Drag a column header and drop it here to group by that column
Herbicide Resistant Blackgrass Globally
(Alopecurus myosuroides)
#CountryFirstYearSituationActive IngredientsSite of Action
1 BelgiumBelgium 1996 Winter wheat clodinafop-propargyl, and fenoxaprop-ethyl 3 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass501
2 BelgiumBelgium 1996 Wheat isoproturon 3 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass502
3 BelgiumBelgium 1996 Winter wheat atrazine, chlorotoluron, clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na, pendimethalin, and propaquizafop 3 Multiple Resistance: 4 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly ( HRAC Group 3 (Legacy K1)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5043
4 Czech RepublicCzech Republic 2008 Wheat chlorsulfuron 12 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass7871
5 DenmarkDenmark 2001 Winter wheat fenoxaprop-ethyl 13 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5347
6 DenmarkDenmark 2001 Winter wheat clodinafop-propargyl, cycloxydim, fenoxaprop-ethyl, florasulam, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, pendimethalin, and pyroxsulam 13 Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly ( HRAC Group 3 (Legacy K1)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5675
7 FranceFrance 1993 Wheat clodinafop-propargyl, cycloxydim, diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, haloxyfop-methyl, and sethoxydim 17 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass546
8 FranceFrance 2003 Wheat clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and sethoxydim 17 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass17116
9 FranceFrance 2006 Wheat imazamethabenz-methyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and mesosulfuron-methyl 17 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5329
10 FranceFrance 2020 Cereals, and Rapeseed flufenacet, and prosulfocarb 17 Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors ( HRAC Group 15 (Legacy K3 N)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass29267
11 FranceFrance 2022 Wheat glyphosate 17 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass29265
12 GermanyGermany 1983 Sugar beets, and Wheat chlorotoluron, fenoxaprop-ethyl, and isoproturon 18 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass369
13 GermanyGermany 2001 Wheat flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na 18 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5154
14 GermanyGermany 2003 Sugar beets, and Winter wheat clethodim, cycloxydim, fenoxaprop-ethyl, and fluazifop-butyl 18 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5237
15 GermanyGermany 2007 Wheat chlorotoluron, fenoxaprop-ethyl, flufenacet, isoproturon, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pinoxaden 18 Multiple Resistance: 4 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors ( HRAC Group 15 (Legacy K3 N)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5361
16 GermanyGermany 2009 Cereals cycloxydim, fenoxaprop-ethyl, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pinoxaden 18 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5536
17 IrelandIreland 2021 Wheat cycloxydim, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and propaquizafop 81 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass21236
18 IsraelIsrael 1979 Roadsides methabenzthiazuron 23 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass94
19 ItalyItaly 2009 Durum wheat clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, and pinoxaden 24 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5681
20 NetherlandsNetherlands 1989 Wheat chlorotoluron 43 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass221
21 NetherlandsNetherlands 1996 Winter wheat chlorotoluron, clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, and isoproturon 43 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5082
22 NetherlandsNetherlands 1999 Winter wheat clodinafop-propargyl, cycloxydim, fenoxaprop-ethyl, and penoxsulam 43 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5083
23 NetherlandsNetherlands 2010 Winter wheat florasulam, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pyroxsulam 43 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass10978
24 PolandPoland 2010 Winter wheat iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and mesosulfuron-methyl 33 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5620
25 PolandPoland 2011 Winter wheat fenoxaprop-ethyl, and pinoxaden 33 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass6760
26 PolandPoland 2012 Winter wheat fenoxaprop-ethyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, pinoxaden, and sulfometuron-methyl 33 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass10969
27 SpainSpain 1991 Wheat chlorotoluron 38 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass188
28 SpainSpain 2015 Canola, Faba beans, Peas, Wheat, and Winter barley chlorotoluron, clodinafop-propargyl, cloransulam-methyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, isoproturon, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pinoxaden 38 Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass11014
29 SwedenSweden 2011 Winter wheat clodinafop-propargyl, cycloxydim, and fenoxaprop-ethyl 40 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass8911
30 SwedenSweden 2011 Wheat fenoxaprop-ethyl, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na, prosulfocarb, and pyroxsulam 40 Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors ( HRAC Group 15 (Legacy K3 N)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass8912
31 SwedenSweden 2014 Spring wheat, Winter barley, and Winter wheat cycloxydim, fenoxaprop-ethyl, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pyroxsulam 40 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass10995
32 SwitzerlandSwitzerland 1997 Wheat, and Winter barley chlorotoluron, and isoproturon 41 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass1132
33 SwitzerlandSwitzerland 2019 Wheat, and Winter barley chlorotoluron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and quizalofop-ethyl 41 Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass20228
34 TurkeyTurkey 2001 Wheat clodinafop-propargyl 71 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5116
35 TurkeyTurkey 2008 clodinafop-propargyl, and pyroxsulam 71 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass5403
36 United KingdomUnited Kingdom 1982 Canola, Cereals, and Wheat clethodim, clodinafop-propargyl, cycloxydim, diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, fluazifop-butyl, pinoxaden, quizalofop-ethyl, and sethoxydim 44 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass357
37 United KingdomUnited Kingdom 1982 Cereals chlorotoluron, and isoproturon 44 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass507
38 United KingdomUnited Kingdom 1984 Wheat chlorsulfuron, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na, imazamethabenz-methyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, propoxycarbazone-Na, and pyroxsulam 44 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass323
39 United KingdomUnited Kingdom 1987 Wheat pendimethalin 44 Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly ( HRAC Group 3 (Legacy K1)
6Alopecurus myosuroidesBlackgrass329
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