INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

MULTIPLE RESISTANT SILKY WINDGRASS
(Apera spica-venti)


Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Czech Republic
INTRODUCTION SILKY WINDGRASS
Silky Windgrass (Apera spica-venti) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family.  In Czech Republic this weed first evolved multiple resistance (to 2 herbicide sites of action) in 2005 and infests Cereals, and Winter wheat.  Multiple resistance has evolved to herbicides in the Groups 2 (Legacy B), and PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2).  These particular biotypes are known to have resistance to chlorsulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, isoproturon, mesosulfuron-methyl, pyroxsulam, and sulfosulfuron and they may be cross-resistant to other herbicides in the Groups 2 (Legacy B), and PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2).

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

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QUIK STATS (last updated Jan 24, 2014 )

Common NameSilky Windgrass
SpeciesApera spica-venti
GroupInhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Herbicideschlorsulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, isoproturon, mesosulfuron-methyl, pyroxsulam, and sulfosulfuron
LocationCzech Republic
Year2005
Situation(s)Cereals, and Winter wheat
Contributors - (Alphabetically)Katerina Hamouzova, and Josef Soukup 
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Josef Soukup
Hamouzová K., Košnarová P., Salava J., Soukup J., Hamouz P. (2013): Mechanisms of resistance to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides in populations of Apera spica-venti from the Czech Republic. Pest Management Science, doi: 10.1002/ps.3563.
 
Hamouzová K., Košnarová P., Soukup J., Hamouz P., Jursík M. (2013): Characterization  of the Czech Apera spica-venti populations resistant to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides. Global Herbicide Resistance Challenge. Perth Australia, 18-22.2. 2013.
 

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GENETICS

Katerina Hamouzova
Resistance to herbicides in 5 tested populations of silky bent grass from the Czech Republic has been linked to P197X and W574X substitutions in the ALS enzyme. Three resistance-conferring ALS mutations were identified: P197A, P197T and W574M. Two populations have amino acid substitution at position P197 at frequencies 44 and 36%, respectively. Some individuals had two different resistant alleles. The frequency of double mutant was 4%. In the other population, only the resistant W574M substitution was detected (13%). Apera spica-venti acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene (complete cds) can be found at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore - GenBank accession No.: JN646110.1.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Silky Windgrass biotype with this Silky Windgrass biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.
 
Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2, 5 resistant Silky Windgrass have not been reported to the site.  There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature
 
Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of multiple resistant Silky Windgrass from Czech Republic indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site.  There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature
 
Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes.  If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of multiple resistant Silky Windgrass from Czech Republic please update the database.
 
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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

KATERINA HAMOUZOVA
Weed Research Scientist
Czech University Of Agriculture In Prague
Depart. Of Agroecology And Biometeorology
Kamycka 129
Prague, 6 - Suchdol, 16521, Prague
Czech Republic
Email Katerina Hamouzova
Web   : Web Site Link
JOSEF SOUKUP
Professor
Czech University of Life Sciences Prague
Agroecology and Biometeorology
Kamycka 129
Prague 6 - Suchdol, 16521, Prague
Czech Republic
Email Josef Soukup
Web   : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Czech Republic have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Katerina Hamouzova, and Josef Soukup for providing detailed information.
Herbicide Resistant Silky Windgrass Globally
(Apera spica-venti)
Herbicide Resistant Silky Windgrass Globally
(Apera spica-venti)
Drag a column header and drop it here to group by that column
Herbicide Resistant Silky Windgrass Globally
(Apera spica-venti)
#CountryFirstYearSituationActive IngredientsSite of Action
1 AustriaAustria 2009 Cereals iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and isoproturon 2 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
20Apera spica-ventiSilky Windgrass6746
2 BelgiumBelgium 2019 Wheat foramsulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and mesosulfuron-methyl 3 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
20Apera spica-ventiSilky Windgrass18199
3 Czech RepublicCzech Republic 2005 Cereals, and Winter wheat chlorsulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, isoproturon, mesosulfuron-methyl, pyroxsulam, and sulfosulfuron 12 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
20Apera spica-ventiSilky Windgrass5266
4 DenmarkDenmark 2011 Winter wheat iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and sulfosulfuron 13 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
20Apera spica-ventiSilky Windgrass5674
5 DenmarkDenmark 2016 Wheat fenoxaprop-ethyl, florasulam, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pinoxaden 13 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
20Apera spica-ventiSilky Windgrass15078
6 FranceFrance 2006 Wheat iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and pyroxsulam 17 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
20Apera spica-ventiSilky Windgrass9936
7 GermanyGermany 1997 Cereals, and Winter wheat isoproturon 18 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
20Apera spica-ventiSilky Windgrass5026
8 GermanyGermany 2005 Wheat chlorsulfuron, florasulam, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, pyroxsulam, sulfometuron-methyl, and sulfosulfuron 18 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
20Apera spica-ventiSilky Windgrass5526
9 GermanyGermany 2009 Spring Barley, and Winter wheat fenoxaprop-ethyl, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, isoproturon, mesosulfuron-methyl, pinoxaden, pyroxsulam, and sulfosulfuron 18 Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
20Apera spica-ventiSilky Windgrass5410
10 LatviaLatvia 2015 Wheat, and Winter wheat iodosulfuron-methyl-Na 174 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
20Apera spica-ventiSilky Windgrass15067
11 LithuaniaLithuania 2013 Winter wheat iodosulfuron-methyl-Na 185 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
20Apera spica-ventiSilky Windgrass7821
12 PolandPoland 2005 Winter wheat chlorsulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, procarbazone-Na, and sulfosulfuron 33 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
20Apera spica-ventiSilky Windgrass5395
13 PolandPoland 2010 Winter wheat fenoxaprop-ethyl, and pinoxaden 33 Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
20Apera spica-ventiSilky Windgrass5619
14 PolandPoland 2011 Winter wheat chlorsulfuron, fenoxaprop-ethyl, pinoxaden, sulfometuron-methyl, and sulfosulfuron 33 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
20Apera spica-ventiSilky Windgrass6758
15 PolandPoland 2012 Winter wheat isoproturon 33 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
20Apera spica-ventiSilky Windgrass6759
16 SwedenSweden 2006 Winter wheat isoproturon 40 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
20Apera spica-ventiSilky Windgrass10996
17 SwedenSweden 2010 Winter wheat iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, pyroxsulam, and sulfosulfuron 40 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
20Apera spica-ventiSilky Windgrass10994
18 SwitzerlandSwitzerland 1994 Wheat isoproturon 41 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
20Apera spica-ventiSilky Windgrass208
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