International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds

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HRAC GROUP 5 (LEGACY C1 C2) RESISTANT COMMON LAMBSQUARTERS
(Chenopodium album)


PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Belgium
INTRODUCTION COMMON LAMBSQUARTERS
Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) is a dicot weed in the Chenopodiaceae family.  In Belgium this weed first evolved resistance to Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides in 1980 and infests Corn (maize), Potatoes, Roadsides, and Sugar beets.   Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides are known as PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (Inhbition of Photosynthesis at PSll - Serine 264 Binders ).  Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to atrazine, metamitron, and metribuzin and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides.

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

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QUIK STATS (last updated Feb 07, 2014 )

Common NameCommon Lambsquarters
SpeciesChenopodium album
GroupPSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Herbicidesatrazine, metamitron, and metribuzin
LocationBelgium
Year1980
Situation(s)Corn (maize), Potatoes, Roadsides, and Sugar beets
Contributors - (Alphabetically)Robert Bulcke, and Benny De Cauwer 
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Robert Bulcke
In all 9 provinces of Belgium.

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AREAS FOUND

Benny De Cauwer
In all provinces of Belgium except Luxembourg province, it is spread over the entire sugar beet area.

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CROSS RESISTANCE

Benny De Cauwer

This biotype is moderately resistant to metamitron preplant incorporated (PPI) (resistance index RI = 75) and low level resistant to metamitron applied postemergence (POST) (RI = 7); it is highly resistant to metribuzin (POST) (RI  > 100) and moderately resistant to metribuzin (PPI) (RI = 62-70). [(PhD theses: Els Mechant (2011) and Jonas Aper (2012)]. It resembles the atrazine resistant C. album biotype (selected in maize during the 1980’s). However, most of the metamitron-resistant populations were selected by metamitron (sugar beet) or metribuzin (potato grown in rotation with sugar beet). 

This biotype is highly cross-resistant to: atrazine and terbuthylazine (RI >1000), and moderately cross-resistant to chloridazon (RI = 10-16).  It is also low level cross-resistant to lenacil (RI = 5) and linuron (RI = 2). It is susceptible to negative cross-resistant to bentazon (RI=0.6), ioxynil, aclonifen, clomazone, mesotrione, pendimethalin, acetochlor, dimethenamid-P, flufenacet, pethoxamide, S-metolachlor, ethofumesate and triallate (PhD thesis Els Mechant).

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DOSE RESPONSE

Benny De Cauwer
Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Lambsquarters biotype with this Lambsquarters biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

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GENERAL

Benny De Cauwer
Fitness
Triazine- and triazinone-resistant weeds often exhibit a lower relative fitness when compared to susceptible biotypes.  The most common mutation conferring triazine resistance (Ser 264 to Gly mutation of the psbA gene) also causes a reduction in CO2 fixation, quantum yield, and seed and biomass production.  There is no record in this database referring specifically to fitness studies on Group C1/5 resistant Lambsquarters from Belgium.

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GENERAL

Robert Bulcke
Chenopodium album and Solanum nigrum are the most ommon and important R-biotypes, especially in silage corn.

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GENETICS

Benny De Cauwer
DNA analysis performed on Belgian resistant C. album populations demonstrated that metamitron resistance is caused by a serine264 to glycine mutation on the chloroplast psbA gene [PhD thesis Els Mechant (2011)].

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MECHANISM

Benny De Cauwer
DNA analysis performed on Belgian resistant C. album populations demonstrated that metamitron resistance is caused by a serine264 to glycine mutation on the chloroplast psbA gene (i.e. target-site resistance), although the existence of an additional (non-target-site) resistance mechanism that contributes to metamitron-resistance cannot be excluded.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Common Lambsquarters biotype with this Common Lambsquarters biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.
 
Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 5 resistant Common Lambsquarters have not been reported to the site.  There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature
 
Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Common Lambsquarters from Belgium indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site.  There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature
 
Relative Fitness

Researchers have indicated that Group 5/C1 C2 resistant Common Lambsquarters is ecologically less fit than normal susceptible Common Lambsquarters.  There may be a note below or an article discussing the fitness of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature
 
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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

ROBERT BULCKE
University Gent
Lab. Of Herbology - U. G.

Plant Div
635 Capitol St NE, Weed Control Program
Gent, B-9000
Belgium
Email Robert Bulcke
BENNY DE CAUWER
Doctor assistant, Research associate
University of Ghent, faculty of Bioscience-engineering
Dept. Plant Production
Weed Science Unit
Coupure Links 653
9000 Gent, 9000
Belgium
Email Benny De Cauwer

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Belgium have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Robert Bulcke, and Benny De Cauwer for providing detailed information.
Herbicide Resistant Common Lambsquarters Globally
(Chenopodium album)
Herbicide Resistant Common Lambsquarters Globally
(Chenopodium album)
Drag a column header and drop it here to group by that column
Herbicide Resistant Common Lambsquarters Globally
(Chenopodium album)
#CountryFirstYearSituationActive IngredientsSite of Action
1 BelgiumBelgium 1980 Corn (maize), Potatoes, Roadsides, and Sugar beets atrazine, metamitron, and metribuzin 3 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters30
2 BulgariaBulgaria 1989 Cropland metribuzin 6 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters47
3 Canada (Ontario) CanadaOntario1973 Corn (maize), and Cropland atrazine 7 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters58
4 Canada (Quebec) CanadaQuebec1980 Corn (maize) atrazine 7 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters17132
5 Canada (Ontario) CanadaOntario2001 Soybean thifensulfuron-methyl 7 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters5123
6 Canada (Quebec) CanadaQuebec2008 Soybean thifensulfuron-methyl 7 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters17131
7 Canada (Saskatchewan) CanadaSaskatchewan2009 Spring Barley, and Wheat thifensulfuron-methyl, and tribenuron-methyl 7 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters5627
8 Canada (Prince Edward Island) CanadaPrince Edward Island2018 Potatoes metribuzin 7 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters28273
9 Canada (New Brunswick) CanadaNew Brunswick2018 Potatoes metribuzin 7 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters28276
10 Czech RepublicCzech Republic 1986 Corn (maize), and Sugar beets atrazine, cyanazine, lenacil, metamitron, prometon, simazine, terbuthylazine, and terbutryne 12 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters81
11 FinlandFinland 2015 Spring wheat tribenuron-methyl 139 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters11013
12 FranceFrance 1978 Corn (maize) atrazine, metamitron, and metribuzin 17 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters458
13 GermanyGermany 1980 Corn (maize), and Potatoes simazine 18 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters368
14 GreeceGreece 2000 Potatoes metribuzin 19 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters5059
15 ItalyItaly 1982 Corn (maize) atrazine 24 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters116
16 NetherlandsNetherlands 1980 Corn (maize) atrazine 43 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters217
17 New ZealandNew Zealand 1979 Corn (maize) atrazine 30 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters156
18 New ZealandNew Zealand 2005 Corn (maize) aminopyralid, clopyralid, and dicamba 30 Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters5389
19 NorwayNorway 1994 Cropland metribuzin 31 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters523
20 NorwayNorway 1994 Cropland linuron 31 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters542
21 PolandPoland 1991 Corn (maize), and Sugar beets atrazine, and metamitron 33 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters163
22 PortugalPortugal 2003 Corn (maize) atrazine 34 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters5227
23 SloveniaSlovenia 1996 Corn (maize) atrazine 36 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters371
24 SpainSpain 1987 Corn (maize) atrazine 38 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters186
25 SwedenSweden 2005 Potatoes, and Sugar beets metamitron, and metribuzin 40 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters9928
26 SwitzerlandSwitzerland 1977 Corn (maize) atrazine 41 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters200
27 UkraineUkraine 2022 Corn (maize), Soybean, Sunflower, and Wheat florasulam, flumetsulam, imazamox, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, thiencarbazone-methyl, thifensulfuron-methyl, and tribenuron-methyl 230 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters24250
28 United KingdomUnited Kingdom 1989 Cropland simazine 44 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters361
29 United States (Michigan) United StatesMichigan1975 Corn (maize), Nurseries, and Soybean atrazine, metribuzin, and simazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters5084
30 United States (New York) United StatesNew York1977 Corn (maize), and Soybean atrazine, cyanazine, and simazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters1053
31 United States (Virginia) United StatesVirginia1979 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters274
32 United States (Wisconsin) United StatesWisconsin1979 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters419
33 United States (North Carolina) United StatesNorth Carolina1980 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters261
34 United States (Pennsylvania) United StatesPennsylvania1980 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters263
35 United States (Indiana) United StatesIndiana1980 Corn (maize), and Cropland atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters409
36 United States (Ohio) United StatesOhio1981 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters1089
37 United States (Minnesota) United StatesMinnesota1982 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters246
38 United States (Maryland) United StatesMaryland1982 Corn (maize), and Cropland atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters424
39 United States (Massachusetts) United StatesMassachusetts1983 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters1095
40 United States (Illinois) United StatesIllinois1985 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters237
41 United States (Maine) United StatesMaine1985 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters1091
42 United States (New Hampshire) United StatesNew Hampshire1986 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters1077
43 United States (Delaware) United StatesDelaware1988 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters491
44 United States (Iowa) United StatesIowa1989 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters242
45 United States (Vermont) United StatesVermont1991 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters1102
46 United States (Connecticut) United StatesConnecticut1992 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters1072
47 United States (Rhode Island) United StatesRhode Island1995 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters495
48 United States (Tennessee) United StatesTennessee1998 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters1107
49 United States (West Virginia) United StatesWest Virginia2000 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters7772
50 United States (Michigan) United StatesMichigan2001 Soybean imazamox, and thifensulfuron-methyl 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters5133
51 United States (Ohio) United StatesOhio2001 Soybean thifensulfuron-methyl 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters5232
52 United States (Washington) United StatesWashington2010 Mint, and Potatoes metribuzin, and terbacil 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
47Chenopodium albumCommon Lambsquarters5668
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