International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds

Countries Weeds Herbicides Mutations Graphs References Researchers
MULTIPLE RESISTANT SMOOTH PIGWEED
(Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis))


Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Argentina, Santa Fe
INTRODUCTION SMOOTH PIGWEED
Smooth Pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)) is a dicot weed in the Amaranthaceae family.  In Argentina this weed first evolved multiple resistance (to 2 herbicide sites of action) in 2016 and infests Soybean.  Multiple resistance has evolved to herbicides in the Groups 9 (Legacy G), and Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O).  These particular biotypes are known to have resistance to 2,4-D, dicamba, and glyphosate and they may be cross-resistant to other herbicides in the Groups 9 (Legacy G), and Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O).

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

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QUIK STATS (last updated Aug 16, 2018 )

Common NameSmooth Pigweed
SpeciesAmaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)
GroupInhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Auxin Mimics HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)
Herbicides2,4-D, dicamba, and glyphosate
LocationArgentina, Santa Fe
Year2016
Situation(s)Soybean
Contributors - (Alphabetically)Pedro Christoffoleti, Eduardo Cortés, Rafael De Prado, and Ignacio Dellaferrera 
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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Smooth Pigweed biotype with this Smooth Pigweed biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.
 
Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 9, 4 resistant Smooth Pigweed have not been reported to the site.  There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature
 
Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database.  If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.
 
Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes.  If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of multiple resistant Smooth Pigweed from Argentina please update the database.
 
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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

PEDRO CHRISTOFFOLETI
Associate Professor III
Universidade de Sao Paulo
Crop Science Department
ESALQ - USP - LPV - Av. Padua Dias 11 - C. Postal 09
Piracicaba, 13418-900, São Paulo
Brazil
Email Pedro Christoffoleti
Web   : Web Site Link
EDUARDO CORTÉS
Ingeniero Agrónomo
Asesor e investigador
Crop Science Department
Castagnino 2041
San Francisco, 2400, Córdoba
Argentina
Email Eduardo Cortés
Web   : Web Site Link
RAFAEL DE PRADO
Ingeniero Agrónomo
Universidad De Cordoba
Qvimica Agricola Y Edafologa
E T S Ingenieros Agronomos
PO Box 119
Cordoba, E-14080, Andalusia
Spain
Email Rafael De Prado
Web   : Web Site Link
IGNACIO DELLAFERRERA
Researcher
Universidad Nacional del Litoral
Qvimica Agricola Y Edafologa
E T S Ingenieros Agronomos
French 759
Esperanza, 3080, Santa Fe
Argentina
Email Ignacio Dellaferrera
Web   : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Argentina have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Pedro Christoffoleti, Eduardo Cortés, Rafael De Prado, and Ignacio Dellaferrera for providing detailed information.
Herbicide Resistant Smooth Pigweed Globally
(Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis))
Herbicide Resistant Smooth Pigweed Globally
(Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis))
Drag a column header and drop it here to group by that column
Herbicide Resistant Smooth Pigweed Globally
(Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis))
#CountryFirstYearSituationActive IngredientsSite of Action
1 ArgentinaArgentina 1996 Soybean chlorimuron-ethyl, and imazethapyr 48 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed5099
2 ArgentinaArgentina 2013 Soybean glyphosate 48 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed6757
3 ArgentinaArgentina 2014 Corn (maize), and Soybean glyphosate, and imazethapyr 48 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed9948
4 ArgentinaArgentina 2016 Soybean 2,4-D, dicamba, and glyphosate 48 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed17107
5 ArgentinaArgentina 2016 Soybean 2,4-D, and dicamba 48 Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed17108
6 ArgentinaArgentina 2021 Soybean fomesafen 48 Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase ( HRAC Group 14 (Legacy E)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed23243
7 BoliviaBolivia 2002 Soybean chlorimuron-ethyl, imazamox, imazethapyr, and oxasulfuron 4 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed5242
8 BoliviaBolivia 2005 Soybean fomesafen, lactofen, and sulfentrazone 4 Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase ( HRAC Group 14 (Legacy E)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed5411
9 BrazilBrazil 2018 Soybean chlorimuron-ethyl, and glyphosate 5 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed18184
10 Canada (Ontario) CanadaOntario2004 Corn (maize) bentazon, and bromoxynil 7 PSII inhibitors - Histidine 215 Binders ( HRAC Group 6 (Legacy C3)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed5472
11 FranceFrance 1980 Corn (maize) atrazine 17 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed453
12 IsraelIsrael 1986 Cropland atrazine 23 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed101
13 ItalyItaly 1978 Corn (maize) atrazine 24 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed114
14 ItalyItaly 2018 Soybean imazamox, and thifensulfuron-methyl 24 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed27281
15 ParaguayParaguay 2022 Corn (maize), and Soybean chlorimuron-ethyl, and glyphosate 46 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed24252
16 South AfricaSouth Africa 1993 Corn (maize) atrazine 37 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed193
17 South AfricaSouth Africa 2024 Corn (maize), and Soybean glyphosate 37 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed27287
18 SpainSpain 1985 Corn (maize) atrazine 38 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed175
19 SwitzerlandSwitzerland 1982 Vegetables simazine 41 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed198
20 United States (Maryland) United StatesMaryland1972 Corn (maize), and Cropland atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed429
21 United States (Virginia) United StatesVirginia1976 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed273
22 United States (Delaware) United StatesDelaware1977 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed492
23 United States (North Carolina) United StatesNorth Carolina1980 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed262
24 United States (Pennsylvania) United StatesPennsylvania1980 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed264
25 United States (New Jersey) United StatesNew Jersey1980 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed494
26 United States (New York) United StatesNew York1980 Corn (maize) atrazine, metribuzin, and simazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed5225
27 United States (Wisconsin) United StatesWisconsin1985 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed418
28 United States (Kentucky) United StatesKentucky1987 Corn (maize) atrazine, and simazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed489
29 United States (Kentucky) United StatesKentucky1992 Soybean chlorimuron-ethyl, flumetsulam, imazaquin, imazethapyr, nicosulfuron, primisulfuron-methyl, and thifensulfuron-methyl 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed490
30 United States (Illinois) United StatesIllinois1993 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed236
31 United States (Virginia) United StatesVirginia1994 Corn (maize), and Soybean imazaquin, and imazethapyr 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed278
32 United States (Illinois) United StatesIllinois1998 Soybean imazethapyr, and primisulfuron-methyl 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed7859
33 United States (Delaware) United StatesDelaware2000 Vegetables imazethapyr 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed5160
34 United States (Illinois) United StatesIllinois2000 Corn (maize) atrazine, imazethapyr, and primisulfuron-methyl 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed7860
35 United States (Ohio) United StatesOhio2001 Soybean flumetsulam, and thifensulfuron-methyl 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed5233
36 United States (Michigan) United StatesMichigan2002 Soybean chlorimuron-ethyl, imazamox, and thifensulfuron-methyl 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed5170
37 UruguayUruguay 2022 Corn (maize), and Soybean glyphosate 73 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
12Amaranthus hybridus (syn: quitensis)Smooth Pigweed24255
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