International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds

Countries Weeds Herbicides Mutations Graphs References Researchers
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Herbicide Resistant Palmer Amaranth Globally
(Amaranthus palmeri)
Herbicide Resistant Palmer Amaranth Globally
(Amaranthus palmeri)
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Herbicide Resistant Palmer Amaranth Globally
(Amaranthus palmeri)
#CountryFirstYearSituationActive IngredientsSite of Action
1 ArgentinaArgentina 2015 Soybean glyphosate 48 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth13038
2 BrazilBrazil 2015 Cotton glyphosate 5 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth11009
3 BrazilBrazil 2016 Corn (maize), Cotton, and Soybean chlorimuron-ethyl, cloransulam-methyl, glyphosate, and imazethapyr 5 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth13042
4 IsraelIsrael 2008 Corn (maize), Cotton, and Watermelon foramsulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, pyrithiobac-sodium, rimsulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron-Na 23 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth9921
5 MexicoMexico 2016 Cotton glyphosate 29 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth18195
6 South AfricaSouth Africa 2018 Cotton chlorimuron-ethyl, and glyphosate 37 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth23244
7 SpainSpain 2016 Corn (maize), and Roadsides nicosulfuron 38 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth18204
8 SpainSpain 2023 Roadsides glyphosate, imazamox, and thifensulfuron-methyl 38 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth27292
9 TurkeyTurkey 2023 Corn (maize) foramsulfuron, glyphosate, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and nicosulfuron 71 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth29268
10 United States (South Carolina) United StatesSouth Carolina1989 Cotton, and Soybean trifluralin 45 Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly (K1/3)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth267
11 United States (Texas) United StatesTexas1993 Corn (maize), and Sorghum atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth270
12 United States (Kansas) United StatesKansas1993 Alfalfa, Corn (maize), Sorghum, and Soybean imazethapyr 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth332
13 United States (Arkansas) United StatesArkansas1994 Soybean chlorimuron-ethyl, diclosulam, imazaquin, imazethapyr, and pyrithiobac-sodium 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth403
14 United States (Tennessee) United StatesTennessee1994 Cotton, and Soybean imazaquin, and pyrithiobac-sodium 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5313
15 United States (Kansas) United StatesKansas1995 Corn (maize), and Sorghum atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth1040
16 United States (North Carolina) United StatesNorth Carolina1995 Soybean chlorimuron-ethyl 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth1059
17 United States (South Carolina) United StatesSouth Carolina1997 Corn (maize), Cotton, Peanut (groundnut), and Soybean imazapic, imazaquin, and imazethapyr 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth1111
18 United States (Tennessee) United StatesTennessee1998 Cotton, and Soybean trifluralin 45 Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly (K1/3)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5569
19 United States (Georgia) United StatesGeorgia2000 Peanut (groundnut) imazapic, and imazethapyr 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5092
20 United States (Georgia) United StatesGeorgia2005 Cotton, and Soybean glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5256
21 United States (North Carolina) United StatesNorth Carolina2005 Corn (maize), Cotton, and Soybean glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5360
22 United States (Arkansas) United StatesArkansas2006 Cotton, and Soybean glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5296
23 United States (Tennessee) United StatesTennessee2006 Corn (maize), Cotton, and Soybean glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5387
24 United States (South Carolina) United StatesSouth Carolina2006 Cotton, and Soybean glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth7780
25 United States (New Mexico) United StatesNew Mexico2007 Orchards, and Pecan nut glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5386
26 United States (Mississippi) United StatesMississippi2008 Cotton glyphosate, and pyrithiobac-sodium 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5359
27 United States (Florida) United StatesFlorida2008 Cropland imazapic, and pyrithiobac-sodium 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5369
28 United States (Alabama) United StatesAlabama2008 Soybean glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5388
29 United States (Missouri) United StatesMissouri2008 Corn (maize), Cotton, and Soybean glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5391
30 United States (Georgia) United StatesGeorgia2008 Cotton glyphosate, and pyrithiobac-sodium 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5498
31 United States (Georgia) United StatesGeorgia2008 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5499
32 United States (Tennessee) United StatesTennessee2009 Cotton, and Soybean chlorimuron-ethyl, glyphosate, and pyrithiobac-sodium 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5571
33 United States (Kansas) United StatesKansas2009 Corn (maize), and Sorghum atrazine, mesotrione, pyrasulfotole, tembotrione, thifensulfuron-methyl, and topramezone 45 Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
Inhibition of Hydroxyphenyl Pyruvate Dioxygenase (F2/27)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5705
34 United States (Louisiana) United StatesLouisiana2010 Cotton glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5494
35 United States (Illinois) United StatesIllinois2010 Corn (maize), and Soybean glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5543
36 United States (Ohio) United StatesOhio2010 Corn (maize), and Soybean glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5696
37 United States (South Carolina) United StatesSouth Carolina2010 Corn (maize), Cotton, and Soybean glyphosate, pyrithiobac-sodium, thifensulfuron-methyl, and trifloxysulfuron-Na 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth7781
38 United States (Georgia) United StatesGeorgia2010 Corn (maize) atrazine, glyphosate, imazapic, and pyrithiobac-sodium 45 Multiple Resistance: 3 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth7788
39 United States (Kentucky) United StatesKentucky2010 Soybean glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth7882
40 United States (Michigan) United StatesMichigan2011 Soybean glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5557
41 United States (Virginia) United StatesVirginia2011 Soybean glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5568
42 United States (Nebraska) United StatesNebraska2011 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5694
43 United States (Nebraska) United StatesNebraska2011 Corn (maize) mesotrione, tembotrione, and topramezone 45 Inhibition of Hydroxyphenyl Pyruvate Dioxygenase (F2/27)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5700
44 United States (Kansas) United StatesKansas2011 Cotton, and Soybean glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5704
45 United States (Texas) United StatesTexas2011 Cotton glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth7777
46 United States (Arkansas) United StatesArkansas2011 Soybean fomesafen, pyrithiobac-sodium, and trifloxysulfuron-Na 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (E/14)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth11006
47 United States (Arizona) United StatesArizona2012 Cotton glyphosate, and pyrithiobac-sodium 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5699
48 United States (Delaware) United StatesDelaware2012 Soybean glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth5707
49 United States (Indiana) United StatesIndiana2012 Corn (maize), and Soybean glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth7835
50 United States (Pennsylvania) United StatesPennsylvania2013 Soybean glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth7779
51 United States (Illinois) United StatesIllinois2013 Corn (maize), and Soybean imazethapyr, and primisulfuron-methyl 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth7866
52 United States (Illinois) United StatesIllinois2013 Corn (maize), and Soybean glyphosate, imazethapyr, and primisulfuron-methyl 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth7867
53 United States (Florida) United StatesFlorida2013 Corn (maize), and Cotton glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth7869
54 United States (Florida) United StatesFlorida2013 Soybean glyphosate, and imazapic 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth7870
55 United States (Wisconsin) United StatesWisconsin2013 Corn (maize), and Soybean glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth10957
56 United States (Delaware) United StatesDelaware2014 Soybean chlorimuron-ethyl, and glyphosate 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth8914
57 United States (Maryland) United StatesMaryland2014 Soybean chlorimuron-ethyl, and glyphosate 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth8915
58 United States (New Jersey) United StatesNew Jersey2014 Soybean glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth9922
59 United States (Nebraska) United StatesNebraska2014 Corn (maize) atrazine, mesotrione, tembotrione, and topramezone 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
Inhibition of Hydroxyphenyl Pyruvate Dioxygenase (F2/27)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth13048
60 United States (Wisconsin) United StatesWisconsin2014 Corn (maize) imazethapyr, tembotrione, and thifensulfuron-methyl 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Hydroxyphenyl Pyruvate Dioxygenase (F2/27)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth16099
61 United States (Tennessee) United StatesTennessee2015 Soybean fomesafen, and glyphosate 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (E/14)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth13037
62 United States (California) United StatesCalifornia2015 Corn (maize) glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth13041
63 United States (Kansas) United StatesKansas2015 Sorghum 2,4-D, atrazine, chlorsulfuron, glyphosate, and mesotrione 45 Multiple Resistance: 5 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
Inhibition of Hydroxyphenyl Pyruvate Dioxygenase (F2/27)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
Auxin Mimics (O/4)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth18157
64 United States (Nebraska) United StatesNebraska2016 Soybean atrazine, and glyphosate 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth13047
65 United States (Illinois) United StatesIllinois2016 Corn (maize), Horseradish, and Soybean fomesafen, glyphosate, and lactofen 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (E/14)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth13050
66 United States (Arkansas) United StatesArkansas2016 Cotton, and Soybean acifluorfen, carfentrazone-ethyl, flumetsulam, fluthiacet-methyl, fomesafen, glyphosate, imazethapyr, lactofen, pendimethalin, pyraflufen-ethyl, pyrithiobac-sodium, S-metolachlor, and trifloxysulfuron-Na 45 Multiple Resistance: 5 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (E/14)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly (K1/3)
Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors (K3 N/15)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth18156
67 United States (North Carolina) United StatesNorth Carolina2016 Corn (maize) mesotrione 45 Inhibition of Hydroxyphenyl Pyruvate Dioxygenase (F2/27)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth18188
68 United States (Arkansas) United StatesArkansas2017 Soybean S-metolachlor 45 Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis inhibitors (K3 N/15)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth18154
69 United States (Oklahoma) United StatesOklahoma2018 Soybean glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth17134
70 United States (Kansas) United StatesKansas2018 Sorghum 2,4-D 45 Auxin Mimics (O/4)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth18151
71 United States (Connecticut) United StatesConnecticut2019 Pumpkin and squash chlorimuron-ethyl, glyphosate, halosulfuron-methyl, imazaquin, and sulfometuron-methyl 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth18206
72 United States (Tennessee) United StatesTennessee2020 Cotton, and Soybean dicamba, and glyphosate 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
Auxin Mimics (O/4)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth19221
73 United States (Arkansas) United StatesArkansas2020 Cotton glufosinate-ammonium 45 Inhibition of Glutamine Synthetase (H/10)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth20229
74 United States (Kansas) United StatesKansas2021 Sorghum 2,4-D, atrazine, chlorsulfuron, fomesafen, glyphosate, imazamox, imazethapyr, lactofen, mesotrione, metribuzin, pyrasulfotole, tembotrione, and thifensulfuron-methyl 45 Multiple Resistance: 6 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (E/14)
Inhibition of Hydroxyphenyl Pyruvate Dioxygenase (F2/27)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
Auxin Mimics (O/4)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth24257
75 United States (Colorado) United StatesColorado2021 Sugar beets glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth25265
76 United States (North Carolina) United StatesNorth Carolina2022 Corn (maize) atrazine 45 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth23241
77 United States (North Carolina) United StatesNorth Carolina2022 Cotton glufosinate-ammonium 45 Inhibition of Glutamine Synthetase (H/10)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth24244
78 United States (Iowa) United StatesIowa2022 Corn (maize), and Soybean atrazine, glyphosate, imazethapyr, and mesotrione 45 Multiple Resistance: 4 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (B/2)
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
Inhibition of Hydroxyphenyl Pyruvate Dioxygenase (F2/27)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth27284
79 United States (Idaho) United StatesIdaho2023 Cereals, Potatoes, Roadsides, Sugar beets, Wheat, and Winter barley glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth27265
80 United States (Oregon) United StatesOregon2023 Corn (maize), Roadsides, and Wheat glyphosate 45 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth29270
81 United States (New York) United StatesNew York2024 Corn (maize), and Soybean atrazine, and glyphosate 45 Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (C1 C2/5)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth30269
82 UruguayUruguay 2022 Corn (maize), and Soybean glyphosate 73 Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase (G/9)
14Amaranthus palmeriPalmer Amaranth24254
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