International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds

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HRAC GROUP 5 (LEGACY C1 C2) RESISTANT BLACK NIGHTSHADE
(Solanum nigrum)


PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Spain
INTRODUCTION BLACK NIGHTSHADE
Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) is a dicot weed in the Solanaceae family.  In Spain this weed first evolved resistance to Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides in 1987 and infests Corn (maize).   Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides are known as PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (Inhbition of Photosynthesis at PSll - Serine 264 Binders ).  Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to atrazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides.

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

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QUIK STATS (last updated Nov 20, 2000 )

Common NameBlack Nightshade
SpeciesSolanum nigrum
GroupPSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Herbicidesatrazine
LocationSpain
Year1987
Situation(s)Corn (maize)
Contributors - (Alphabetically)Rafael De Prado 
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Rafael De Prado
Palma Del Rio, Almodovar Del Rio (Cordoba).

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GENERAL

Rafael De Prado
Target site resistance.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Black Nightshade biotype with this Black Nightshade biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.
 
Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 5 resistant Black Nightshade have not been reported to the site.  There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature
 
Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Black Nightshade from Spain indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site.  There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature
 
Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes.  If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Black Nightshade from Spain please update the database.
 
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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

RAFAEL DE PRADO
Universidad De Cordoba
Qvimica Agricola Y Edafologa
E T S Ingenieros Agronomos
PO Box 119
Cordoba, E-14080, Andalusia
Spain
Email Rafael De Prado

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Spain have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Rafael De Prado for providing detailed information.
Herbicide Resistant Black Nightshade Globally
(Solanum nigrum)
Herbicide Resistant Black Nightshade Globally
(Solanum nigrum)
Drag a column header and drop it here to group by that column
Herbicide Resistant Black Nightshade Globally
(Solanum nigrum)
#CountryFirstYearSituationActive IngredientsSite of Action
1 Australia (Queensland) AustraliaQueensland2015 Sugarcane for sugar, and Vegetables paraquat 1 PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
162Solanum nigrumBlack Nightshade11025
2 BelgiumBelgium 1981 Corn (maize), and Roadsides atrazine 3 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
162Solanum nigrumBlack Nightshade31
3 Czech RepublicCzech Republic 1999 Corn (maize) atrazine 12 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
162Solanum nigrumBlack Nightshade5051
4 FranceFrance 1979 Cropland atrazine 17 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
162Solanum nigrumBlack Nightshade472
5 GermanyGermany 1980 Corn (maize) atrazine 18 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
162Solanum nigrumBlack Nightshade439
6 ItalyItaly 1978 Corn (maize), and Cropland atrazine 24 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
162Solanum nigrumBlack Nightshade113
7 MalaysiaMalaysia 1990 Vegetables paraquat 28 PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
162Solanum nigrumBlack Nightshade135
8 NetherlandsNetherlands 1981 Corn (maize) atrazine 43 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
162Solanum nigrumBlack Nightshade218
9 New ZealandNew Zealand 1999 Corn (maize) atrazine, cyanazine, prometryne, and terbuthylazine 30 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
162Solanum nigrumBlack Nightshade5106
10 New ZealandNew Zealand 2009 Sweet potato paraquat 30 PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
162Solanum nigrumBlack Nightshade5731
11 PolandPoland 1995 Orchards atrazine 33 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
162Solanum nigrumBlack Nightshade376
12 SpainSpain 1987 Corn (maize) atrazine 38 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
162Solanum nigrumBlack Nightshade180
13 SwitzerlandSwitzerland 1983 Cropland, and Pastures atrazine 41 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
162Solanum nigrumBlack Nightshade207
14 United KingdomUnited Kingdom 1983 Corn (maize) simazine 44 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
162Solanum nigrumBlack Nightshade364
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