HRAC GROUP 22 (LEGACY D) RESISTANT LIVID AMARANTH
(Amaranthus blitum (ssp. oleraceus))

PS I Electron Diversion HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

Malaysia, Pahang

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INTRODUCTION LIVID AMARANTH Livid Amaranth (Amaranthus blitum (ssp. oleraceus)) is a dicot weed in the Amaranthaceae family.  In Malaysia this weed first evolved resistance to Group 22 (Legacy D) herbicides in 1990 and infests Vegetables.   Group 22 (Legacy D) herbicides are known as PS I Electron Diversion (PSI Electron Diversion ).  Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to paraquat and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 22 (Legacy D) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Sep 15, 2000 ) Common Name Livid Amaranth Species Amaranthus blitum (ssp. oleraceus) Group PS I Electron Diversion HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D) Herbicides paraquat Location Malaysia, Pahang Year 1990 Situation(s) Vegetables Contributors - (Alphabetically) Baki Bakar  Edit this Case  |  Add New Case of Resistance  |  Add Note

NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE AREAS FOUND Baki Bakar Pahang, Perak, Kelantom states. Edit this Note  |  Add New Note   GENERAL Baki Bakar Paraquat resistance in Solanum nigrum, Crassocephalum crepidiodes, Amaranthus lividus and Conyza sumatrensis in Malaysia. K. Itoh, M. Azmi, and A. Ahmad. In: IWCC Proceedings of the first International Weed Control Congress, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. Edit this Note  |  Add New Note

ACADEMIC ASPECTS Confirmation Tests Field trials comparing a known susceptible Livid Amaranth biotype with this Livid Amaranth biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.   Genetics Genetic studies on HRAC Group 22 resistant Livid Amaranth have not been reported to the site.  There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature   Mechanism of Resistance The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database.  If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.   Relative Fitness There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes.  If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 22 (Legacy D) resistant Livid Amaranth from Malaysia please update the database.   Edit Case  |  Add Note  |  Add Article  |  Add New Case  |  Help

CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS BAKI BAKAR Senior Research Fellow Institute of Biological Sciences, University Of Malaya Dept. Of Botany Faculty of Science Building Kuala Lumpur, 50603 , Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Email Baki Bakar Web   : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Malaysia have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Baki Bakar for providing detailed information.

Herbicide Resistant Livid Amaranth Globally (Amaranthus blitum (ssp. oleraceus)) Herbicide Resistant Livid Amaranth Globally (Amaranthus blitum (ssp. oleraceus)) Drag a column header and drop it here to group by that column Herbicide Resistant Livid Amaranth Globally (Amaranthus blitum (ssp. oleraceus)) # Country Country StateName FirstYear Situation Active Ingredients CountryID Site of Action WeedID Species CommonName ResistID 1 France France   1981 Corn (maize) atrazine 17 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) 13 Amaranthus blitum (ssp. oleraceus) Livid Amaranth 454 2 Malaysia Malaysia   1990 Vegetables paraquat 28 PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D) 13 Amaranthus blitum (ssp. oleraceus) Livid Amaranth 137 3 Switzerland Switzerland   1978 Grapes simazine 41 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) 13 Amaranthus blitum (ssp. oleraceus) Livid Amaranth 196 4 United States (New Jersey) United States New Jersey 1993 Cabbages, Lettuce, and Onions imazethapyr 45 Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B) 13 Amaranthus blitum (ssp. oleraceus) Livid Amaranth 1167

Literature about Similar Cases

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Costea, M. ; Tardif, F. J.. 2003. The biology of Canadian weeds. 126. Amaranthus albus L., A. blitoides S. Watson and A. blitum L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83 : 1039 - 1066.

A review of biological information is provided for three species of the genus Amaranthus: A. albus, A. blitoides and A. blitum. The last species has been revised taxonomically and a new subspecies for Canada is presented - A. blitum subsp. emarginatus subsp. nov. Amaranthus albus and A. blitoides are native to the USA and introduced to Canada. Both species are annual ruderal and agrestal weeds. During the past 100 years, the two species have spread across most provinces of Canada, but the greatest frequency and abundance have been recorded in Saskatchewan. Originating from Europe, Asia and North Africa, A. blitum was initially considered a non-persistent species. The present study shows that A. blitum especially, subsp. emarginatus, has continued to spread in Québec. The three species are alternate hosts to many insects, nematodes, viruses, bacteria and fungi that affect cultivated plants. In other areas (USA, Europe and Asia), the three species have developed multiple resistance to triazine and acetolactate-synthase-inhibiting herbicides..

Bulcke, R. ; Himme, M. van. 1989. Resistance to herbicides in weeds in Belgium. : 31 - 39.

In this review of herbicide resistant weeds, estimates of occurrence in Belgium and possible control measures are presented. The first triazine-resistant biotypes of weeds were recorded 10 years ago. Resistance, at the chloroplast level, in maize crops is now widespread in Chenopodium album, Solanum nigrum and locally occurring in Epilobium ciliatum and Senecio vulgaris. In tree nurseries and fruit plantations chemical weed control measures had to be adapted to control triazine-resistant Poa annua, and has resulted in a rapid shift towards resistant biotypes of S. vulgaris, E. ciliatum and S. nigrum. Amaranthus blitum (in tree nurseries and fruit orchards) and A. bouchonii (in maize and fruit plantations) occur locally in very dense stands where s-triazines are applied but resistance has not yet been detected..

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