Herbicide Resistant Weeds

GROUP B/2 RESISTANT COMMON COCKLEBUR (Xanthium strumarium)
USA: Missouri

Thursday, September 09, 2010

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Common cocklebur

1.	Introduction
2.	Level of Infestation
3.	Quick Statistics
4.	Notes about this biotype
5.	Academic Aspects
6.	R Common cocklebur Globally
7.	Fact Sheets and Literature
8.	Contributing Weed Scientists
9.	Acknowledgements
10.	Where to now?

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Introduction

Level of Infestation

Common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) is a dicot weed in the Asteraceae family. In Missouri this weed first evolved resistance to Group B/2 herbicides in 1992 and infests soybean. Group B/2 herbicides are known as ALS inhibitors (Inhibition of acetolactate synthase ALS (acetohydroxyacid synthase AHAS)). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to chlorimuron-ethyl, and imazaquin and they may be cross-resistant to other Group B/2 herbicides.

Local weed scientists estimate that Group B/2 resistant Common cocklebur in Missouri infests 501-1000 sites and the number of sites are increasing. They also estimate that there are 10001-100000 acres infested with Group B/2 resistant Common cocklebur and the area infested is increasing.

The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their mode of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS ( last updated Nov 16, 2005 )
Common Name	Common cocklebur
Species	Xanthium strumarium
Group	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
Herbicides	chlorimuron-ethyl, and imazaquin
Location	USA, Missouri
Year	1992
Situation(s)	soybean
Sites	501-1000
Acres Infested	10001-100000
Contributors	Kevin Bradley , Bill Johnson, Andy Kendig, and Reid Smeda
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Reid Smeda

Widespread in southeast Missouri. Increasing rapidly. Also in North Central. Grundy county.

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CONTROL STRATEGIES

Reid Smeda

Lots of bentazon being used to control this resistance problem.

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CROSS RESISTANCE

Andy Kendig

Three distinct types/patterns of resistance have been identified in Missouri: 1) Broadly resistant to ALS inhibitors, 2) Resistant only to imidazolinone chemistry, but susceptible to other ALS-inhibiting chemistry and 3) Resistant to imidazolinone chemistry and partially resistant to other ALS-inhibiting chemistry.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Common cocklebur biotype with this Common cocklebur biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

The genetic basis of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the genetic inheritance of this biotype please update the database.

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group B/2 resistant Common cocklebur from Missouri please update the database.

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HERBICIDE RESISTANT COMMON COCKLEBUR GLOBALLY
#	Country	Year	Sites	Acres	Mode of Action
1.	USA (South Carolina)	1985	11-50	101-500	Organoarsenicals (Z/17)
2.	USA (Alabama)	1988	6-10	501-1000	Organoarsenicals (Z/17)
3.	USA (Mississippi)	1989	2-5	1001-10000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
4.	USA (Arkansas)	1989	unknown	unknown	Organoarsenicals (Z/17)
5.	USA (Tennessee)	1991	101-500	1001-10000	Organoarsenicals (Z/17)
6.	USA (Louisiana)	1992	1	11-50	Organoarsenicals (Z/17)
7.	USA (Missouri)	1992	501-1000	10001-100000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
8.	USA (Tennessee)	1992	51-100	1001-10000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
9.	USA (Minnesota)	1994	2-5	11-50	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
10.	USA (Mississippi)	1994	51-100	1001-10000	Organoarsenicals (Z/17)
11.	USA (North Carolina)	1994	101-500	1001-10000	Organoarsenicals (Z/17)
12.	USA (Arkansas)	1995	unknown	unknown	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
13.	USA (Iowa)	1995	2-5	101-500	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
14.	USA (Oklahoma)	1996	51-100	1001-10000	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
15.	USA (Kansas)	1997	2-5	101-500	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
16.	USA (Maryland)	1998	unknown	unknown	ALS inhibitors (B/2)
17.	USA (Ohio)	1999	1	11-50	ALS inhibitors (B/2)

FACT SHEETS AND OTHER LITERATURE	Format
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Scientific Abstracts on Herbicide Resistant Xanthium strumarium
Inheritance of an ALS-cross-resistant common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) biotype.
Ohmes, G. A., Jr. and J. Kendig A. 1999. Inheritance of an ALS-cross-resistant common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) biotype. Weed Technology. 13: 100-103.
Common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) resistance to selected ALS-inhibiting herbicides.
Sprague, C. L., E. W. Stoller, and L. M. Wax. 1997. Common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) resistance to selected ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Weed Technology. 11: 241-247.
Interference and water use of biotypes differing in sensitivity to MSMA.
Akanda, M. R., R. H. Walker, and G. Wehtje. 1996. Interference and water use of biotypes differing in sensitivity to MSMA. Weed Science. 44: 830-835.
Using the in vivo acetolactate synthase (ALS) assay for identifying herbicide-resistant weeds.
Lovell, S. T., L. M. Wax, D. M. Simpson, and M. McGlamery. 1996. Using the in vivo acetolactate synthase (ALS) assay for identifying herbicide-resistant weeds. Weed Technology. 10: 936-942.
Environmental effects on MSMA phytotoxicity to wild-type and arsenical herbicide-resistant common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium).
Nimbal, C. I., D. R. Shaw, G. D. Wills, and S. O. Duke. 1996. Environmental effects on MSMA phytotoxicity to wild-type and arsenical herbicide-resistant common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium). Weed Technology. 10: 809-814.
Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of 14C-MSMA in organic arsenical-resistant and -susceptible Mississippi biotypes of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.).
Nimbal, C. I., G. D. Wills, S. O. Duke, and D. R. Shaw. 1995. Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of 14C-MSMA in organic arsenical-resistant and -susceptible Mississippi biotypes of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.). Weed Science. 43: 549-554.
Photosynthetic performance of MSMA-resistant and -susceptible Mississippi biotypes of common cocklebur.
Nimbal, C. I., J. J. Heitholt, D. R. Shaw, and S. O. Duke. 1995. Photosynthetic performance of MSMA-resistant and -susceptible Mississippi biotypes of common cocklebur. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 53: 129-137.
Response of MSMA-resistant and -susceptible common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) biotypes to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) herbicides and cross-resistance to arsenicals and membrane disruptors.
Nimbal, C. I., D. R. Shaw, S. O. Duke, and J. D. Byrd Jr. 1995. Response of MSMA-resistant and -susceptible common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) biotypes to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) herbicides and cross-resistance to arsenicals and membrane disruptors. Weed Technology. 9: 440-445.
In vitro cultured cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) responses to dimercaptopropanesulfonic acid and monosodium methanearsonate.
Ellis, J. P. and N. D. Camper. 1995. In vitro cultured cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) responses to dimercaptopropanesulfonic acid and monosodium methanearsonate. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 14: 9-13.
An in vivo acetolactate synthase assay.
Simpson, D. M., E. W. Stoller, and L. M. Wax. 1995. An in vivo acetolactate synthase assay. Weed Technology. 9: 17-22.
Responses of Xanthium strumarium populations to sublethal applications of bentazone.
Zhang, J., P. B. Cavers, and M. Jasieniuk. 1994. Responses of Xanthium strumarium populations to sublethal applications of bentazone. Weed Research. 34: 55-61.
Growth and development of organic arsenical-susceptible and -resistant common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) biotypes under noncompetitive conditions.
Haigler, W. E., B. J. Gossett, J. R. Harris, and J. E. Toler. 1994. Growth and development of organic arsenical-susceptible and -resistant common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) biotypes under noncompetitive conditions. Weed Technology. 8: 154-158.
Uptake and translocation of [14C]MSMA in cotton and MSMA-resistant and -susceptible cocklebur.
Keese, R. J. and N. D. Camper. 1994. Uptake and translocation of [14C]MSMA in cotton and MSMA-resistant and -susceptible cocklebur. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 49: 138-145.
The history and present status of herbicide-resistant weed biotypes [Eleusine indica, Amaranthus palmeri and Xanthium strumarium] in South Carolina cotton.
Murdock, E. C., A. C. York, and B. J. Gossett. 1993. The history and present status of herbicide-resistant weed biotypes [Eleusine indica, Amaranthus palmeri and Xanthium strumarium] in South Carolina cotton. Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, 10-14 January 1993, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. : 1507.
Rimsulfuron selectivity in three sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties and its control of Xanthium strumarium L. and Solanum nigrum L.
Alonso, S., J. A. Medina, J. Cavero, R. Gil, and C. Zaragoza. 1993. Rimsulfuron selectivity in three sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties and its control of Xanthium strumarium L. and Solanum nigrum L. Proceedings of the 1993 Congress of the Spanish Weed Science Society, Lugo, Spain, 1-3 December 1993. : 230-234.
Lack of cross-resistance of imazaquin-resistant Xanthium strumarium acetolactate synthase to flumetsulam and chlorimuron.
Schmitzer, P. R., R. J. Eilers, and C. Cseke. 1993. Lack of cross-resistance of imazaquin-resistant Xanthium strumarium acetolactate synthase to flumetsulam and chlorimuron. Plant Physiology. 103: 281-283.
Rapid diagnosis of ALS/AHAS-resistant weeds.
Gerwick, B. C., L. C. Mireles, and R. J. Eilers. 1993. Rapid diagnosis of ALS/AHAS-resistant weeds. Weed Technology. 7: 519-524.
Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of foliar-applied imazaquin in soybeans (Glycine max), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), and associated weeds.
Wilcut, J. W., G. R. Wehtje, M. G. Patterson, and T. A. Cole. 1988. Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of foliar-applied imazaquin in soybeans (Glycine max), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), and associated weeds. Weed Science. 36: 5-8.
Resistance of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) to the organic arsenical herbicides.
Haigler, W. E., B. J. Gossett, J. R. Harris, and J. E. Toler. 1988. Resistance of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) to the organic arsenical herbicides. Weed Science. 36: 24-27.
Organic arsenical-resistant common cocklebur biotypes.
Haigler, W. E., B. J. Gossett, and J. R. Harris. 1986. Organic arsenical-resistant common cocklebur biotypes. Proceedings, Southern Weed Science Society, 39th annual meeting. : 105.

CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

KEVIN BRADLEY	Edit
Asst. Professor & Extension Weed Scientist University of Missouri Division of Plant Sciences 206A Waters Hall Columbia, 65211, Missouri USA Email Kevin Bradley Web : Web Site Link

BILL JOHNSON	Edit
Purdue University Botany and Plant Pathology Lilly Hall 915 West State Street West Lafayette, 47907-2054, Indiana USA Email Bill Johnson Web : Web Site Link

ANDY KENDIG	Edit
University of Missouri Delta Center P.O. Box 160, Old US. 61 South Portageville, 63873, Missouri USA Email Andy Kendig

REID SMEDA	Edit
Assistant Professor - Weed Physiologist University of Missouri-Columbia Agronomy 202 Waters Hall Columbia, 65211, Missouri USA Email Reid Smeda

Acknowledgements

Where to now?

The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The North American Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, the Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Missouri have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Kevin Bradley , Bill Johnson, Andy Kendig, and Reid Smeda for providing detailed information.

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